Bronfort G, Hondras MA, Schulz CA, Evans RL, Long CR, Grimm R. Spinal manipulation and home exercise with advice for subacute and chronic back-related leg pain: a trial with adaptive allocation.
Ann Intern Med. 2014;161(6):381-391. PMID: 25222385
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25222385.
Cohen SP, Hanling S, Bicket MC, et al. Epidural steroid injections compared with gabapentin for lumbosacral radicular pain: multicenter randomized double blind comparative efficacy study.
BMJ. 2015;350:h1748. PMID: 25883095
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25883095.
Chou R, Hashimoto R, Friedly J, et al. Epidural corticosteroid injections for radiculopathy and spinal stenosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Ann Intern Med. 2015;163(5):373-381. PMID: 26302454
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26302454.
Chou R. In the clinic. Low back pain. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160(11):ITC6-1. PMID: 25009837
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25009837.
Deyo RA, Von Korff M, Duhrkoop D. Opioids for low back pain. BMJ. 2015;350:g6380. PMID: 25561513
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25561513.
Eismont FJ, Norton RP, Hirsch BP. Surgical management of lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis.
J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2014;22(4):203-213. PMID: 24668350
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24668350.
Fritz JM, Magel JS, McFadden M, et al. Early physical therapy vs usual care in patients with recent-onset low back pain: a randomized clinical trial.
JAMA. 2015;314(14):1459-1467. PMID: 26461996
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26461996.
Furlan AD, Giraldo M, Baskwill A, Irvin E, Imamura M. Massage for low-back pain.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(9):CD001929. PMID: 26329399
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26329399.
Gardocki RJ, Park AL. Degenerative disorders of the thoracic and lumbar spine. In: Azar FM, Beaty JH, Canale ST, eds.
Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics. 13th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2017:chap 39.
Hooten WM, Cohen SP. Evaluation and treatment of low back pain: a clinically focused review for primary care specialists.
Mayo Clin Proc. 2015;90(12):1699-1718. PMID: 26653300
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26653300.
Maas ET, Ostelo RW, Niemisto L, et al. Radiofrequency denervation for chronic low back pain.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(10):CD008572. PMID: 26495910
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26495910.
Manchikanti L, Cash KA, Pampati V, Falco FJ. Transforaminal epidural injections in chronic lumbar disc herniation: a randomized, double-blind, active-control trial.
Pain Physician. 2014;17(4):E489-E501. PMID: 25054399
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25054399.
Mayer EAK, Maddela R. Interventional nonoperative management of neck and back pain. In: Steinmetz MP,
Benzel EC, eds. Benzel's Spine Surgery: Techniques, Complication Avoidance, and Management. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2017:chap 107.
Mazanec DJ, DeMicco RC. Medical management of neck and low back pain. In: Steinmetz MP,
Benzel EC, eds. Benzel's Spine Surgery: Techniques, Complication Avoidance, and Management. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2017:chap 106.
Peul WC, Bredenoord AL, Jacobs WC. Avoid surgery as first line treatment for non-specific low back pain.
BMJ. 2014;349:g4214. PMID: 25030631
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25030631.
Rasouli MR, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Shokraneh F, Moradi-Lakeh M, Chou R. Minimally invasive discectomy versus microdiscectomy/open discectomy for symptomatic lumbar disc herniation.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(9):CD010328. PMID: 25184502
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25184502.
Schneider M, Haas M, Glick R, Stevans J, Landsittel D. Comparison of spinal manipulation methods and usual medical care for acute and subacute low back pain: a randomized clinical trial.
Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2015;40(4):209-217. PMID: 25423308
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25423308.
Steiger F, Becker HJ, Standaert CJ, et al. Surgery in lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis: indications, outcomes and complications. A systematic review.
Eur Spine J. 2014;23(5):945-973. PMID: 24402446
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24402446.
Vaccaro AR, Fisher CG, Whang PG, et al. Evidence-based recommendations for spine surgery.
Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2014;39(19):E1183-E1189. PMID: 25166476
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25166476.
Yavin D, Hurlbert RJ. Nonsurgical and postsurgical management of low back pain. In: Winn HR,
ed. Youmans and Winn Neurological Surgery. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2017:chap 281.