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Thrush - children and adults

Candidiasis - oral; Oral thrush; Fungal infection - mouth; Candida - oral

Thrush is a yeast infection of the tongue and lining of the mouth.

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Oral thrush
Candida - fluorescent stain
Mouth anatomy

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Causes

Certain germs normally live in our bodies. These include bacteria and fungi. While most germs are harmless, some can cause infection under certain conditions.

Thrush occurs in children and adults when conditions permit too much growth of a fungus called candida in your mouth. A small amount of this fungus normally lives in your mouth. It is most often kept in check by your immune system and other germs that also live in your mouth.

When your immune system is weak or when normal bacteria die, too much of the fungus can overgrow and cause thrush.

You are more likely to get thrush if you have one of the following:

Candida can also cause yeast infections in the vagina.

Thrush in newborns is somewhat common and easy to treat.

Symptoms

Symptoms of thrush include:

Exams and Tests

Your health care provider or dentist can usually diagnose thrush by looking at your mouth and tongue. The sores are easy to recognize.

To confirm you have thrush, your provider may:

In severe cases, thrush can grow in your esophagus as well. The esophagus is the tube that connects your mouth to your stomach. If this occurs or is suspected, your provider may:

Treatment

If you get mild thrush after taking antibiotics, eat yogurt or take over-the-counter acidophilus pills. This may help restore a healthy balance of germs in your mouth.

For a more severe case of thrush, your provider may prescribe:

Outlook (Prognosis)

Oral thrush can be cured. However, if your immune system is weak, thrush may come back or cause more serious problems.

Possible Complications

If your immune system is weakened, candida can spread throughout your body, causing a serious infection.

This infection might affect your:

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Contact your provider if:

Prevention

If you get thrush often, your provider may recommend taking antifungal medicine on a regular basis to keep thrush from coming back.

If you have diabetes mellitus, you can help prevent thrush by keeping good control of your blood sugar levels.

Related Information

Esophagitis
Meningitis
Endocarditis
Arthritis
Endophthalmitis

References

Daniels TE, Jordan RC. Diseases of the mouth and salivary glands. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 393.

Ericson JE, Benjamin DK. Candida. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 21st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 261.

Lionakis MS, Edwards JE. Candida species. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 256.

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Review Date: 8/26/2023  

Reviewed By: Jatin M. Vyas, MD, PhD, Associate Professor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Associate in Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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