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Thyroid cancer

Tumor - thyroid; Cancer - thyroid; Nodule - thyroid cancer; Papillary thyroid carcinoma; Medullary thyroid carcinoma; Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma; Follicular thyroid cancer

Thyroid cancer is a cancer that starts in the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is located in the front of your lower neck.

Images

Endocrine glands
Thyroid cancer - CT scan
Thyroid cancer - CT scan
Incision for thyroid gland surgery
Thyroid gland

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Causes

Thyroid cancer can occur in people of any age.

Radiation to the thyroid increases the risk of developing thyroid cancer. Exposure may occur from:

Other risk factors are a family history of thyroid cancer and chronic goiter (enlarged thyroid). Being overweight or having obesity may be a risk factor for papillary carcinoma of the thyroid.

There are several types of thyroid cancer:

Symptoms

Symptoms vary depending on the type of thyroid cancer, but may include:

Exams and Tests

Your health care provider will perform a physical exam. This may reveal a lump in your thyroid or swollen lymph nodes in your neck.

The following tests may be done:

Treatment

Treatment depends on the type of thyroid cancer. Treatment of most thyroid cancer types is effective if diagnosed early.

Surgery is most often the initial treatment. All or part of the thyroid gland may be removed. If your provider suspects that the cancer has spread to lymph nodes in the neck, these will also be removed. If some of your thyroid gland remains, you will need follow-up ultrasound and possibly other studies to detect any regrowth of thyroid cancer.

Radiation therapy may be done with or without surgery. It may be performed by:

After treatment for thyroid cancer, you must take thyroid hormone pills for the rest of your life. The dosage is usually slightly higher than what your body needs. This helps keep the cancer from coming back. The pills also replace the thyroid hormone your body needs to function normally.

If the cancer does not respond to surgery or radiation, and has spread to other parts of the body, chemotherapy or targeted therapy may be used. These are only needed by a small number of people.

Support Groups

You can ease the stress of illness by joining a cancer support group. Sharing with others who have common experiences and problems can help you not feel alone.

Possible Complications

Complications of thyroid cancer may include:

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Contact your provider if you notice a lump in your neck.

Prevention

Awareness of risk (such as previous radiation therapy to the neck) can allow earlier diagnosis and treatment.

Sometimes, people with family histories and genetic mutations related to medullary thyroid cancer will have their thyroid gland removed to prevent cancer.

Related Information

Radiation therapy
Simple goiter
Thyroid cancer - papillary carcinoma
Cancer
Metastasis
Anaplastic thyroid cancer
Breathing difficulty
Thyroid nodule
Thyroid gland removal - discharge

References

Kitahara CM, Pfeiffer RM, Sosa JA, Shiels MS. Impact of overweight and obesity on US Papillary Thyroid Cancer Incidence Trends (1995-2015). J Natl Cancer Inst. 2020;112(8):810. PMID: 31638139 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31638139/.

National Cancer Institute website. Thyroid cancer treatment (PDQ) - health provisional version. www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/thyroid/HealthProfessional. Updated April 11, 2024. Accessed May 7, 2024.

Pearce EN, Hollenberg AN. Thyroid. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 207.

Suh I, Sosa JA. Thyroid. In: Townsend CM Jr, Beauchamp RD, Evers BM, Mattox KL, eds. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 21st ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2022:chap 37.

Thompson LDR. Malignant neoplasms of the thyroid gland. In: Thompson LDR, Bishop JA, eds. Head and Neck Pathology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019:chap 25.

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Review Date: 2/28/2024  

Reviewed By: Sandeep K. Dhaliwal, MD, board-certified in Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Springfield, VA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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