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Hospital-acquired pneumonia

Nosocomial pneumonia; Ventilator-associated pneumonia; Health-care associated pneumonia; HCAP

Hospital-acquired pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that occurs during a hospital stay. This type of pneumonia can be very severe. Sometimes, it can be fatal.

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Causes

Pneumonia is a common illness. It is caused by many different germs. Pneumonia that starts in the hospital tends to be more serious than other lung infections because:

• People in the hospital are often very sick and cannot fight off germs.
• The types of germs present in a hospital are often more dangerous and more resistant to treatment than those outside in the community.

Pneumonia occurs more often in people who are using a ventilator, which is a machine that helps them breathe. This is called ventilator-associated pneumonia.

Hospital-acquired pneumonia can also be spread by health care workers, who can pass germs from their hands, clothes, or instruments from one person to another. This is why hand-washing, wearing gowns, and using other safety measures is so important in the hospital.

People can be more likely to get pneumonia while in the hospital if they:

• Use alcohol excessively
• Have had chest surgery or other major surgery
• Have a weak immune system from cancer treatment, certain medicines, or severe wounds
• Have long-term (chronic) lung disease
• Breathe saliva or food into their lungs as a result of not being fully alert or having swallowing problems (for example, after a stroke)
• Are not mentally alert due to medicines or illness
• Are older
• Are on a breathing machine (ventilator)

Symptoms

In older adults, the first sign of hospital-acquired pneumonia may be mental changes or confusion.

Other symptoms may include:

• A cough with greenish or pus-like phlegm (sputum)
• Fever and chills
• General discomfort, uneasiness, or ill feeling (malaise)
• Loss of appetite
• Nausea and vomiting
• Sharp chest pain that gets worse with deep breathing or coughing
• Shortness of breath
• Decreased blood pressure
• Fast heart rate
• Increased respiratory rate

Exams and Tests

If your health care provider suspects pneumonia, tests will be ordered. These may include:

• Arterial blood gases, to measure oxygen levels in the blood
• Blood cultures, to see if the infection has spread to the blood
• Chest x-ray or CT scan of the chest, to check the lungs
• Complete blood count (CBC)
• Pulse oximetry, to measure oxygen levels in the blood
• Sputum culture or sputum Gram stain, to check what germs are causing the pneumonia
• Bronchoscopy, to get cultures directly from the lungs in some cases

Treatment

Treatments may include:

• Antibiotics through your veins (IV) to treat the lung infection. The antibiotic you are given will fight the germs that are found in your sputum culture or are suspected to be causing the infection.
• Oxygen to help you breathe better and lung treatments to loosen and remove thick mucus from your lungs.
• Ventilator (breathing machine) using a tube or a mask to support your breathing for more severe cases.

Outlook (Prognosis)

People who have other serious illnesses do not recover as well from pneumonia as people who are not as sick.

Hospital-acquired pneumonia can be a life-threatening illness. Long-term lung damage may occur.

Prevention

People visiting someone in the hospital need to take steps to prevent spreading germs. The best way to stop the spread of germs is to wash your hands often. Stay home if you are sick. Keep your immunizations up to date.

After any surgery, you will be asked to take deep breaths and move around as soon as possible to help keep your lungs open. Follow the advice of your provider to help prevent pneumonia.

Most hospitals have programs to prevent hospital-acquired infections.

Related Information

Community-acquired pneumonia in adults
Alcohol use disorder
Immunodeficiency disorders
Aspiration
Pneumonia in adults - discharge

References

Chastre J, Luyt CE. Ventilator-associated pneumonia. In: Broaddus VC, Ernst JD, King TE, et al, eds. Murray and Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 49.

Kalil AC, Metersky ML, Klompas M, et al. Management of adults with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: 2016 clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(5):e61-e111. PMID: 27418577 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27418577/.

Klompas M. Nosocomial pneumonia. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 301.

Metersky ML, Kalil AC. Hospital-acquired pneumonia. In: Broaddus VC, Ernst JD, King TE, et al, eds. Murray and Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 48.

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Review Date: 8/13/2023  

Reviewed By: Denis Hadjiliadis, MD, MHS, Paul F. Harron, Jr. Professor of Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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