Types of chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is the use of medicine to treat cancer. Chemotherapy kills cancer cells. It may be used to cure cancer, help keep it from spreading, or reduce symptoms.
Chemotherapy
The term chemotherapy is used to describe cancer-killing drugs. Chemotherapy may be used to:Cure the cancerShrink the cancerPrevent the cancer from ...
Read Article Now Book Mark ArticleIn some cases, people are treated with a single type of chemotherapy. But often, people get more than one type of chemotherapy at a time. This helps attack the cancer in different ways.
Targeted therapy and immunotherapy are other cancer treatments that use medicine to treat cancer.
Targeted therapy
Targeted therapy uses medicines to stop cancer from growing and spreading. It does this with less harm to normal cells than other treatments. Stand...
Read Article Now Book Mark ArticleImmunotherapy
Immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that relies on the body's infection-fighting system (immune system). It uses substances made by the body...
Read Article Now Book Mark ArticleStandard chemotherapy works by killing cancer cells and some normal cells. Targeted treatment and immunotherapy zero in on specific targets (molecules) in or on cancer cells.
How Doctors Choose Your Chemotherapy
The type and dose of chemotherapy your health care provider gives you depends on many different things, including:
- The type of cancer you have
- Where the cancer first showed up in your body
- What the cancer cells look like under a microscope
- Whether the cancer has spread (metastasized)
- Your age and general health
How Chemotherapy Works
All cells in the body grow by splitting into two cells, or dividing. Others divide to repair damage in the body. Cancer occurs when something causes cells to divide and grow out of control. They keep growing to form a mass of cells, or tumor.
Chemotherapy attacks dividing cells. This means that it is more likely to kill cancer cells than normal cells. Some types of chemotherapy damage the genetic material inside the cell that tells it how to copy or repair itself. Others types block chemicals the cell needs to divide.
Some normal cells in the body divide often, such as hair and skin cells. These cells also may be killed by chemo. That is why it can cause side effects like hair loss. But most normal cells can recover after treatment ends.
Chemotherapy Drugs
There are more than 100 different chemotherapy medicines. Below are the seven main types of chemotherapy, the types of cancer they treat, and examples. The caution includes things that differ from typical chemotherapy side effects.
Chemotherapy side effects
The term chemotherapy is used to describe cancer-killing drugs. Chemotherapy may be used to:Cure the cancerShrink the cancerPrevent the cancer from ...
Read Article Now Book Mark ArticleALKYLATING AGENTS
Used to treat:
- Leukemia
- Lymphoma
-
Hodgkin disease
Hodgkin disease
Hodgkin lymphoma is a cancer of lymph tissue. Lymph tissue is found in the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, bone marrow, and other sites.
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Multiple myeloma
Multiple myeloma
Multiple myeloma is a blood cancer that starts in the plasma cells in the bone marrow. Bone marrow is the soft, spongy tissue found inside most bone...
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- Brain
- Cancers of the lung, breast, and ovary
Examples:
- Busulfan (Myleran)
- Cyclophosphamide
- Temozolomide (Temodar)
Caution:
- May damage bone marrow, which can lead to leukemia.
Leukemia
Leukemia is a type of blood cancer that begins in the bone marrow. Bone marrow is the soft tissue in the center of the bones, where blood cells are ...
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ANTIMETABOLITES
Used to treat:
- Leukemia
- Cancer of the breast, ovary, and intestinal tract
Examples:
- 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)
- 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP)
- Capecitabine (Xeloda)
- Gemcitabine
Caution: None
ANTI-TUMOR ANTIBIOTICS
Used to treat:
- Many types of cancer.
Examples:
- Dactinomycin (Cosmegen)
- Bleomycin
- Daunorubicin (Cerubidine, Rubidomycin)
- Doxorubicin (Adriamycin PFS, Adriamycin RDF)
Caution:
- High doses can damage the heart.
TOPOISOMERASE INHIBITORS
Used to treat:
- Leukemia
- Lung, ovarian, gastrointestinal, and other cancers
Examples:
- Etoposide
- Irinotecan (Camptosar)
- Topotecan (Hycamtin)
Caution:
- Some can make a person more likely to get a second cancer, called acute myeloid leukemia, within 2 to 3 years.
Acute myeloid leukemia
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is cancer that starts inside bone marrow. This is the soft tissue in the center of bones that helps form all blood cell...
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MITOTIC INHIBITORS
Used to treat:
- Myeloma
- Lymphomas
- Leukemias
- Breast or lung cancer
Examples:
- Docetaxel (Taxotere)
- Eribulin (Halaven)
- Ixabepilone (Ixempra)
- Paclitaxel (Taxol)
- Vinblastine
Caution:
- More likely than other types of chemotherapy to cause painful nerve damage.
References
American Cancer Society website. How chemotherapy drugs work. www.cancer.org/cancer/managing-cancer/treatment-types/chemotherapy/how-chemotherapy-drugs-work.html. Updated November 22, 2019. Accessed April 2, 2024.
Collins JM. Cancer pharmacology. In: Niederhuber JE, Armitage JO, Kastan MB, Doroshow JH, Tepper JE, eds. Abeloff's Clinical Oncology. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 25.
National Cancer Institute website. A to Z list of cancer drugs. www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs. Accessed April 2, 2024.
Review Date: 12/31/2023
Reviewed By: Todd Gersten, MD, Hematology/Oncology, Florida Cancer Specialists & Research Institute, Wellington, FL. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.