Pregnancy care
Getting good care before, during, and after your pregnancy is very important. It can help your baby grow and develop and keep you both healthy. It is the best way to be sure your little one gets a head start on a healthy life.
PRENATAL CARE
Good prenatal care includes good nutrition and health habits before and during pregnancy. Ideally, you should talk with your health care provider before you start trying to become pregnant. Here are some things you will need to do:
Choose a provider: You will want to choose a provider for your pregnancy and childbirth. This provider will provide prenatal care, delivery, and postpartum services.
A provider for your pregnancy and child...
You have many decisions to make when you are expecting a baby. One of the first is to decide what kind of health care provider you want for your pre...
Read Article Now Book Mark ArticleTake folic acid: If you are considering becoming pregnant, or are pregnant, you should take a supplement with at least 600 micrograms (0.6 mg) of folic acid every day. Taking folic acid will decrease the risk for certain birth defects. Prenatal vitamins almost always contain more than 600 micrograms (0.6 mg) of folic acid per capsule or tablet.
Folic acid
Taking folic acid before and during pregnancy can reduce the risk for certain birth defects. These include spina bifida, anencephaly, and some heart...
Read Article Now Book Mark ArticleYou should also:
- Talk with your provider about any medicines you take. This includes over-the-counter medicines. You should only take medicines your provider says are safe to take while you are pregnant.
- Avoid all alcohol and recreational drug use and limit caffeine.
- Quit smoking, if you smoke.
Go for prenatal visits and tests: You will see your provider many times during your pregnancy for prenatal care. The number of visits and types of exams you receive will change, depending on where you are in your pregnancy:
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First trimester care
First trimester care
Trimester means "3 months. " A normal pregnancy lasts around 10 months and has 3 trimesters. The word prenatal means before birth. The first trimest...
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Second trimester care
Second trimester care
The word prenatal means before birth. Trimester means 3 months. A normal pregnancy is around 10 months and has 3 trimesters. Your doctor or midwife...
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Third trimester care
Third trimester care
The word prenatal means before birth. Trimester means 3 months. A normal pregnancy is around 10 months and has 3 trimesters. Your doctor or midwife...
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Talk with your provider about the different tests you may receive during your pregnancy. These tests can help your provider see how your baby is developing and if there are any problems with your pregnancy. These tests may include:
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Ultrasound tests to see how your baby is growing and help establish a due date
Ultrasound tests
A pregnancy ultrasound is an imaging test that uses sound waves to create a picture of how a baby is developing in the womb (uterus). It is also use...
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Glucose tests to check for gestational diabetes
Glucose tests
A glucose screening test is a routine test during pregnancy that checks a pregnant woman's blood glucose (sugar) level. Gestational diabetes is hi...
Read Article Now Book Mark Article - Blood test to check for normal fetal DNA in your blood
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Fetal echocardiography to check the baby's heart
Fetal echocardiography
Fetal echocardiography is a test that uses sound waves (ultrasound) to evaluate the baby's heart for problems before birth.
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Amniocentesis to check for birth defects and genetic problems
Amniocentesis
Amniocentesis is a test that can be done during pregnancy to look for certain problems in the developing baby. These problems include:Birth defectsG...
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Nuchal translucency test (vaginal ultrasound) to check for problems with the baby's genes
Nuchal translucency test
The nuchal translucency test measures the nuchal fold thickness. This is an area of tissue at the back of an unborn baby's neck. Measuring this thi...
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Tests to check for sexually transmitted disease
Tests
The VDRL test is a screening test for syphilis. It measures substances (proteins), called antibodies, which your body may produce if you have been i...
Read Article Now Book Mark ArticleSexually transmitted disease
RPR (rapid plasma reagin) is a screening test for syphilis. It measures substances (proteins) called antibodies that are present in the blood of peo...
Read Article Now Book Mark Article - Blood type testing such as Rh and ABO
Rh
Rh incompatibility is a condition that develops when a pregnant woman has Rh-negative blood and the baby in her womb has Rh-positive blood.
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A, B, AB, and O are the 4 major blood types. The types are based on small substances (molecules) on the surface of the blood cells. When people who ...
Read Article Now Book Mark Article - Blood tests for anemia
- Blood tests to follow any chronic illness you had before becoming pregnant
Depending on your family history, you may choose to screen for genetic problems. There are many things to think about before doing genetic testing. Your provider can help you decide if this is right for you.
Screen for genetic problems
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is a test some pregnant women have to screen their baby for genetic problems.
Read Article Now Book Mark ArticleIf you have a high-risk pregnancy, you may need to see your provider more often and have additional tests.
Additional tests
While you are pregnant, your health care provider may do tests to check your baby's health. The tests may be done at any time while you are pregnant...
Read Article Now Book Mark ArticleWHAT TO EXPECT DURING PREGNANCY
Your provider will talk with you about how to manage common pregnancy complaints such as:
Common pregnancy complaints
Growing a baby is hard work. Your body will go through a lot of changes as your baby grows and your hormones change. Along with the aches and pains...
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Morning sickness
Morning sickness
The term "morning sickness" is used to describe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Some women also have the symptoms of dizziness and headaches....
Read Article Now Book Mark Article - Backaches, leg pain, and other aches and pains during pregnancy
Aches and pains during pregnancy
During pregnancy, your body will go through a lot of changes as your baby grows and your hormones change. Along with the other common symptoms durin...
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Problems sleeping
Problems sleeping
You may sleep well during the first trimester of your pregnancy. You may also need more sleep than usual. Your body is working hard to make a baby....
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Skin and hair changes
Skin and hair changes
Most women have changes in their skin, hair, and nails during pregnancy. Most of these are normal and go away after pregnancy.
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Vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy
Vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy
Vaginal bleeding during pregnancy is any discharge of blood from the vagina. It can happen any time from conception (when the egg is fertilized) to ...
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No two pregnancies are the same. Some women have few or mild symptoms during pregnancy. Many women work their full term and travel while they are pregnant. Others may have to cut back on their hours or stop working. Some women require bed rest for a few days or possibly weeks to continue with a healthy pregnancy.
Work
Most women who are pregnant can keep working during their pregnancy. Some women are able to work right up until they are ready to deliver. Others m...
Read Article Now Book Mark ArticleTravel
Most of the time, traveling while you are pregnant can be safe and enjoyable. However, it is still a good idea to talk to your health care provider ...
Read Article Now Book Mark ArticleBed rest
Your health care provider may order you to stay in bed for a few days or weeks. This is called bed rest. Bed rest used to be recommended routinely f...
Read Article Now Book Mark ArticlePOSSIBLE PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS
Pregnancy is a complex process. While many women have normal pregnancies, complications can occur. However, having a complication does not mean you will not have a healthy baby. It means your provider will monitor you closely and take special care of you and your baby during the remainder of your term.
Common complications include:
- Diabetes during pregnancy (gestational diabetes).
Gestational diabetes
Gestational diabetes is high blood sugar (glucose) that starts or is first diagnosed during pregnancy.
Read Article Now Book Mark Article - High blood pressure during pregnancy (preeclampsia). Your provider will talk with you about how to care for yourself if you have preeclampsia.
Preeclampsia
Preeclampsia is high blood pressure and signs of liver or kidney damage that occur in women after the 20th week of pregnancy. While it is rare, pree...
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Pregnant women with preeclampsia have high blood pressure and signs of liver or kidney damage. Kidney damage results in the presence of protein in t...
Read Article Now Book Mark Article - Premature or preterm changes in the cervix.
Changes in the cervix
Insufficient cervix occur when the cervix begins to soften too early in a pregnancy. This could cause miscarriage or premature birth.
Read Article Now Book Mark Article - Problems with the placenta. It may cover the cervix, pull away from the womb, or not work as well as it should.
Cover the cervix
Placenta previa is a problem of pregnancy in which the placenta grows in the lowest part of the womb (uterus) and covers all or part of the opening t...
Read Article Now Book Mark ArticleOr not work as well as it should
The placenta is the link between you and your baby. When the placenta does not work as well as it should, your baby can get less oxygen and nutrient...
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Vaginal bleeding.
Vaginal bleeding
Vaginal bleeding in pregnancy is any discharge of blood from the vagina during pregnancy.
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Early labor.
Early labor
Labor that begins before week 37 is called "preterm" or "premature. " About 1 out of every 10 babies born in the United States is born preterm. A pre...
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- Your baby has medical problems.
It can be scary to think about possible problems. But it is important to be aware so you can tell your provider if you notice unusual symptoms.
LABOR AND DELIVERY
Talk with your provider about what to expect during labor and delivery. You can make your wishes known by creating a birth plan. Talk with your provider about what to include in your birth plan. You may want to include things like:
Birth plan
Birth plans are guides that parents-to-be make to help their health care providers best support them during labor and delivery.
Read Article Now Book Mark ArticleWhat to include in your birth plan
Birth plans are guides that parents-to-be make to help their health care providers best support them during labor and delivery.
Read Article Now Book Mark Article- How you want to manage pain during labor, including whether to have an epidural block
Manage pain during labor
There is no one best method for dealing with pain during labor. The best choice is the one that makes the most sense for you. Whether you choose to...
Read Article Now Book Mark ArticleEpidural block
An epidural block is a numbing medicine given by injection (shot) in a specific place in the back. It numbs or causes a loss of feeling in the lower...
Read Article Now Book Mark Article - How you feel about episiotomy
Episiotomy
An episiotomy is a minor surgery that widens the opening of the vagina during childbirth. It is a cut to the perineum -- the skin and muscles betwee...
Read Article Now Book Mark Article - What would happen if you need a C-section
C-section
A C-section is the delivery of a baby by making an opening in the mother's lower belly area. It is also called a cesarean delivery.
Read Article Now Book Mark Article - How you feel about forceps delivery or vacuum-assisted delivery
Forceps delivery
In an assisted vaginal delivery, the doctor will use special tools called forceps to help move the baby through the birth canal. Forceps look like 2 ...
Read Article Now Book Mark ArticleVacuum-assisted delivery
During vacuum assisted vaginal delivery, the doctor or midwife will use a vacuum (also called a vacuum extractor) to help move the baby through the b...
Read Article Now Book Mark Article - Who you want with you during delivery
It is also a good idea to make a list of things to bring to the hospital. Pack a bag ahead of time so you have it ready to go when you go into labor.
Things to bring to the hospital
The arrival of your new son or daughter is a time of excitement and joy. It is often also a hectic time, so it can be hard to remember to pack every...
Read Article Now Book Mark ArticleAs you get close to your due date, you will notice certain changes. It is not always easy to tell when you will go into labor. Your provider can tell you when it is time to come in for an exam or go to the hospital for delivery.
When you will go into labor
If you have never given birth before, you may think you will just know when the time comes. In reality, it is not always easy to know when you are g...
Read Article Now Book Mark ArticleTalk with your provider about what happens if you pass your due date. Depending on your age and risk factors, your provider may need to induce labor around 39 to 42 weeks.
Pass your due date
Most pregnancies last 37 to 42 weeks, but some take longer. If your pregnancy lasts more than 42 weeks, it is called post-term (past due). This hap...
Read Article Now Book Mark ArticleInduce labor
Inducing labor refers to different treatments used to start your labor. Treatments can also be used to augment your labor, which means to move it at...
Read Article Now Book Mark ArticleOnce labor begins, you can use a number of strategies to get through labor.
Strategies to get through labor
No one will tell you that labor is going to be easy. Labor means work, after all. But, there is plenty you can do ahead of time to prepare for labo...
Read Article Now Book Mark ArticleWHAT TO EXPECT AFTER YOUR CHILD IS BORN
Having a baby is an exciting and wonderful event. It is also hard work for the mother. You will need to take care of yourself in the first few weeks after delivery. The type of care you will need depends on how you delivered your baby.
If you had a vaginal delivery, you will likely spend 1 to 2 days in the hospital before you go home.
1 to 2 days in the hospital before you ...
Most women will remain in the hospital for about 24 hours after delivery. This is an important time for you to rest, bond with your new baby, and ge...
Read Article Now Book Mark ArticleIf you had a C-section, you will stay in the hospital for 2 to 3 days before going home. Your provider will explain how to care for yourself at home as you heal.
Stay in the hospital for 2 to 3 days
Most women will remain in the hospital for 2 to 3 days after a cesarean birth (C-section). Take advantage of the time to bond with your new baby, ge...
Read Article Now Book Mark ArticleHow to care for yourself at home
You are going home after a C-section. You should expect to need help caring for yourself and your newborn. Talk to your partner, parents, in-laws, ...
Read Article Now Book Mark ArticleIf you are able to breastfeed, there are many benefits to breastfeeding. It can also help you lose your pregnancy weight.
Benefits to breastfeeding
Experts say that breastfeeding your baby is good for you and your baby. If you breastfeed for any length of time, no matter how short it is, you and...
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You should plan to return to your pre-pregnancy weight by 6 to 12 months after delivery. Most women lose half of their baby weight by 6 weeks after ...
Read Article Now Book Mark ArticleBe patient with yourself as you learn to breastfeed. It can take 2 to 3 weeks to learn the skill of nursing your baby. There is a lot to learn, such as:
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How to care for your breasts
How to care for your breasts
As a breastfeeding mother, know how to take care of yourself. Keeping yourself well is the best thing for breastfeeding your baby. Here are some ti...
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Positioning your baby for breastfeeding
Positioning your baby for breastfeeding
Be patient with yourself as you learn to breastfeed. Know that breastfeeding takes practice. Give yourself 2 to 3 weeks to get the hang of it. Lea...
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How to overcome any breastfeeding problems
How to overcome any breastfeeding probl...
Health experts agree that breastfeeding is the healthiest option for both mom and baby. They recommend that babies feed only on breast milk for the ...
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Breast milk pumping and storage
Breast milk pumping and storage
Breast milk is the best nutrition for your baby. Learn to pump, collect, and store breast milk. You can continue to give your baby breast milk when...
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Breastfeeding skin and nipple changes
Breastfeeding skin and nipple changes
Learning about skin and nipple changes during breastfeeding can help you take care of yourself and know when to see a health care provider.
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Timing of breastfeeding
Timing of breastfeeding
Expect that it may take 2 to 3 weeks for you and your baby to get into a breastfeeding routine. Breastfeeding a baby on demand is full-time and exhau...
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If you need help, there are many resources for new mothers.
Many resources
The following organizations are good resources for information on breastfeeding and breastfeeding problems:American College of Obstetricians and Gyne...
Read Article Now Book Mark ArticleWHEN TO CALL YOUR HEALTH CARE PROVIDER
Call your provider if you are pregnant or think you are pregnant and:
- You take medicines for diabetes, thyroid disease, seizures, depression, or high blood pressure or any other medical condition
- You are not getting prenatal care
- You cannot manage common pregnancy symptoms without medicines
- You might have been exposed to a sexually transmitted infection, chemicals, radiation, or unusual pollutants
Call your provider immediately if you are pregnant and you:
- Have a fever, chills, or painful urination
- Vaginal bleeding
- Severe belly pain
- Physical or severe emotional trauma
- Have your water break (membranes rupture)
- Are in the last half of your pregnancy and notice the baby is moving less or not at all
References
Greenberg JM, Narendran V, Brady JM, Nathan AT, Haberman BB. Neonatal morbidities of prenatal and perinatal origin. In: Lockwood CJ, Copel JA, Dugoff L, et al, eds. Creasy and Resnik's Maternal-Fetal Medicine: Principles and Practice. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 73.
Gregory KD, Ramos DE, Jauniaux ERM. Preconception and prenatal care. In: Landon MB, Galan HL, Jauniaux ERM, et al, eds. Gabbe's Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 5.
Kumar G. Early pregnancy care. In: Layden EA, Thomson A, Owen P, Madhra M, Magowan BA, eds. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Limited; 2023:chap 6.
- Pre-existing diabetes and pregnancy
- Teenage pregnancy
- Common symptoms during pregnancy
- Prenatal care in your second trimester
- Prenatal care in your first trimester
- Gestational diabetes - self-care
- Managing your weight gain during pregnancy
- Pregnancy and travel
- Preeclampsia - self-care
- Prenatal care in your third trimester
Review Date: 1/1/2023
Reviewed By: John D. Jacobson, MD, Professor Emeritus, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA. Internal review and update on 02/06/2024 by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.