Depression
Blues; Gloom; Sadness; MelancholyDepression may be described as feeling sad, blue, unhappy, miserable, or down in the dumps. Most of us feel this way at one time or another for short periods.
Clinical depression is a mood disorder in which feelings of sadness, loss, anger, or frustration interfere with everyday life for 2 weeks or more.
Considerations
Depression can occur in people of all ages:
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Adults
Adults
Depression is feeling sad, blue, unhappy, or down in the dumps. Most people feel this way once in a while. Clinical depression is a mood disorder. ...
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Teenagers
Teenagers
One in five teenagers have depression at some point. Your teen may be depressed if they are feeling sad, blue, unhappy, or down in the dumps. Depre...
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Older adults
Older adults
Depression is a mental health condition. It is a mood disorder in which feelings of sadness, loss, anger, or frustration interfere with daily life f...
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Symptoms of depression include:
- Agitation, restlessness, irritability, and anger
- Becoming withdrawn or isolated
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Fatigue and lack of energy
Fatigue
Fatigue is a feeling of weariness, tiredness, or lack of energy.
Read Article Now Book Mark Article - Feeling hopeless, helpless, worthless, guilty, and self-hate
- Loss of interest or pleasure in activities that were once enjoyed including sex
- Sudden change in appetite, often with weight gain or loss
- Thoughts of death or suicide
Suicide
Suicide is the act of taking one's own life on purpose. Suicidal behavior is any action that could cause a person to die, such as taking a drug over...
Read Article Now Book Mark Article - Trouble concentrating
- Trouble sleeping or sleeping too much
Remember that children may have different symptoms than adults. Watch for changes in schoolwork, sleep, and behavior. If you wonder whether your child might be depressed, talk with your health care provider. Your provider can help you learn how to help your child with depression.
How to help your child with depression
Your teen's depression may be treated with talk therapy, antidepressant medicines, or a combination of these. Learn about what is available and what...
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Depression in children
Children who are depressed may exhibit symptoms differently than adults. For instance, a depressed child may seem bored and unusually irritable.
The main types of depression include:
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Major depression
-- It occurs when feelings of sadness, loss, anger, or frustration interfere with daily life for 2 weeks or longer periods of time.
Major depression
Depression is feeling sad, blue, unhappy, or down in the dumps. Most people feel this way once in a while. Major depression is a mood disorder. It...
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Persistent depressive disorder
-- This is a depressed mood that lasts 2 years. Over that length of time, you may have periods of major depression, with times when your symptoms are milder.
Persistent depressive disorder
Persistent depressive disorder (PDD) is a chronic (ongoing) type of depression in which a person's moods are regularly low. Persistent depressive dis...
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Other common forms of depression include:
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Postpartum depression
-- Many women feel somewhat down after having a baby. However, true postpartum depression is more severe and includes the symptoms of major depression.
Postpartum depression
Postpartum depression is moderate to severe depression in a woman after she has given birth. It may occur soon after delivery or up to a year later....
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Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
(PMDD) -- Symptoms of depression occur 1 week before your period and disappear after you menstruate.
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a condition in which a woman has severe depression symptoms, irritability, and tension before menstruation....
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Seasonal affective disorder
(SAD) -- This occurs most often during fall and winter, and disappears during spring and summer. It is most likely due to a lack of sunlight.
Seasonal affective disorder
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a type of depression that occurs at a certain time of the year, usually in winter.
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Major depression with psychotic features
-- This occurs when a person has depression and loss of touch with reality (psychosis).
Major depression with psychotic feature
Major depression with psychotic features is a mental disorder in which a person has depression along with loss of touch with reality (psychosis)....
Read Article Now Book Mark ArticlePsychosis
Psychosis occurs when a person loses contact with reality. The person may: Have false beliefs about what is taking place, or who one is (delusions)S...
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Bipolar disorder
(formerly called manic depression) -- This occurs when depression alternates with mania. Bipolar disorder has depression as one of its symptoms, but it is a different type of mental illness.
Bipolar disorder
Bipolar disorder is a mental condition in which a person has wide or extreme swings in their mood. Periods of feeling sad and depressed may alternat...
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Causes
Depression often runs in families. This may be due to your genes, behaviors you learn at home, or your environment. Depression may be triggered by stressful or unhappy life events. Often, it is a combination of these things.
Many factors can bring on depression, including:
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Alcohol or drug use
Alcohol
Beer, wine, and liquor all contain alcohol (ethanol). Drinking an excessive amount of alcohol can put you at risk for alcohol-related problems....
Read Article Now Book Mark Article - Medical conditions, such as cancer or long-term (chronic) pain
Cancer
Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body. Cancerous cells are also called malignant cells.
Read Article Now Book Mark Article - Stressful life events, such as job loss, divorce, or death of a spouse or other family member
- Social isolation (a common cause of depression in older adults)
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Contact your provider if:
- You hear voices that are not there.
- You cry often without cause.
- Your depression has affected your work, school, or family life for longer than 2 weeks.
- You have three or more symptoms of depression.
- You think one of your current medicines may be making you feel depressed. Do not change or stop taking any medicines without talking to your provider.
Do not change or stop taking any medici...
Antidepressants are prescription medicines you may take to help with depression, anxiety, or pain. Like any medicine, there are reasons you may take...
Read Article Now Book Mark Article - If you think your child or teen may be depressed.
You should also contact your provider if:
- You think you should cut back on drinking alcohol
- A family member or friend has asked you to cut back on drinking alcohol
Cut back on drinking alcohol
Many people with alcohol problems cannot tell when their drinking is a problem or out of control. It is important to be aware of how much you are dr...
Read Article Now Book Mark Article - You feel guilty about the amount of alcohol you drink
- You drink alcohol first thing in the morning
If you or someone you know is thinking about suicide, call or text 988 or chat 988lifeline.org. You can also call 1-800-273-8255 (1-800-273-TALK). The 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline provides free and confidential support 24/7, anytime day or night.
You can also call 911 or the local emergency number or go to the hospital emergency room. DO NOT delay.
If someone you know has attempted suicide, call 911 or the local emergency number right away. DO NOT leave the person alone, even after you have called for help.
References
Barnhill JW, Wood WC, Yonkers KA, et al. Depressive disorders. In: Barnhill JW, ed. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. 2022:chap 4.
Fava M, Østergaard SD, Cassano P. Mood disorders: depressive disorders (major depressive disorder). In: Stern TA, Fava M, Wilens TE, Rosenbaum JF, eds. Massachusetts General Hospital Comprehensive Clinical Psychiatry. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016:chap 29.
Kraus C, Kadriu B, Lanzenberger R, Zarate Jr CA, Kasper S. Prognosis and improved outcomes in major depression: a review. Transl Psychiatry. 2019;9(1):127. PMID: 30944309 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30944309/.
Walter HJ, DeMaso DR. Mood disorders. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 21st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 39.
Zuckerbrot RA, Cheung A, Jensen PS, Stein REK, Laraque D; GLAD-PC STEERING GROUP. Guidelines for adolescent depression in primary care (GLAD-PC): part I. Practice preparation, identification, assessment, and initial management. Pediatrics. 2018;141(3). pii: e20174081. PMID: 29483200 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29483200/.
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Depression in children - illustration
Children who are depressed may exhibit symptoms differently than adults. For instance, a depressed child may seem bored and unusually irritable.
Depression in children
illustration
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Depression and heart disease - illustration
The link between heart disease and depression has long been thought of as cause-and-effect. Studies are now showing that depression itself may contribute to heart disease.
Depression and heart disease
illustration
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Depression and the menstrual cycle - illustration
A form of depression exclusive to women, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a syndrome of depressive symptoms brought about by monthly hormonal fluctuation.
Depression and the menstrual cycle
illustration
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Depression and insomnia - illustration
Studies show bouts of insomnia may predispose individuals to depressive illness. The correlation between sleep disorders and mood disorders holds true across age and gender lines.
Depression and insomnia
illustration
-
Depression in children - illustration
Children who are depressed may exhibit symptoms differently than adults. For instance, a depressed child may seem bored and unusually irritable.
Depression in children
illustration
-
Depression and heart disease - illustration
The link between heart disease and depression has long been thought of as cause-and-effect. Studies are now showing that depression itself may contribute to heart disease.
Depression and heart disease
illustration
-
Depression and the menstrual cycle - illustration
A form of depression exclusive to women, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a syndrome of depressive symptoms brought about by monthly hormonal fluctuation.
Depression and the menstrual cycle
illustration
-
Depression and insomnia - illustration
Studies show bouts of insomnia may predispose individuals to depressive illness. The correlation between sleep disorders and mood disorders holds true across age and gender lines.
Depression and insomnia
illustration
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Depression
(Alt. Medicine)
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Depression - InDepth
(In-Depth)
Review Date: 5/10/2023
Reviewed By: Fred K. Berger, MD, addiction and forensic psychiatrist, Scripps Memorial Hospital, La Jolla, CA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.