BACK TOTOP Browse A-ZSearchBrowse A-ZABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0-9 E-mail FormEmail ResultsName:Email address:Recipients Name:Recipients address:Message: Print-FriendlyBookmarksbookmarks-menuNecrotizing enterocolitisNecrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the death of tissue in the intestine. It occurs most often in premature or sick babies. Causes NEC occurs when the lining of the intestinal wall dies. This problem nearly always develops in an infant who is ill or premature. It is likely to occur while the infant is still in the hospital.The exact cause of this disorder is unknown. A drop in blood flow to the bowel can damage the tissue. Bacteria in the intestine may also add to the problem. Also, premature infants have an undeveloped immune response to factors such as bacteria or low blood flow. An imbalance in immune regulation appears to be involved in NEC.Babies at higher risk for the condition include:Premature infants Infants who are fed formula rather than human milk. (Human milk contains growth factors, antibodies and immune cells which may help prevent the problem.) Infants in a nursery where an outbreak has occurred Infants who have received blood exchange transfusions or have been seriously ill Symptoms Symptoms may come on slowly or suddenly, and may include:Abdominal bloating Abdominal bloatingA swollen abdomen is when your belly area is bigger than usual.Read Article Now Book Mark Article Blood in the stool Blood in the stoolBlack or tarry stools with a foul smell are a sign of a problem in the upper digestive tract. It most often indicates that there is bleeding in the ...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Diarrhea Feeding problems Lack of energy Lack of energyFatigue is a feeling of weariness, tiredness, or lack of energy.Read Article Now Book Mark Article Unstable body temperature Unstable breathing, heart rate, or blood pressure Vomiting Exams and Tests Tests may include:Abdominal x-ray Abdominal x-rayAn abdominal x-ray is an imaging test to look at organs and structures in the abdomen. Organs include the liver, spleen, stomach, and intestines. Wh...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Stool for occult blood test Complete blood count (CBC) CBCA complete blood count (CBC) test measures the following:The number of white blood cells (WBC count)The number of red blood cells (RBC count)The numb...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Electrolyte levels, blood gases and other blood tests Treatment Treatment for a baby who may have NEC most often includes: Halting enteral (GI tract) feedings Relieving gas in the bowel by inserting a tube in the stomach Giving IV fluids and nutrition IVIntravenous means "within a vein. " Most often it refers to giving medicines or fluids through a needle or tube inserted into a vein. This allows th...Read Article Now Book Mark Article Giving IV antibiotics Monitoring the condition with abdominal x-rays, blood tests, and measurement of blood gases The infant will need surgery if there is a hole in the intestines or inflammation of the abdominal wall (peritonitis).In this surgery, the doctor will:Remove dead bowel tissue Perform a colostomy or ileostomyColostomyColostomy is a surgical procedure that brings one end of the large intestine out through an opening (stoma) made in the abdominal wall. Stools movin...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article IleostomySmall bowel resection is surgery to remove a part of your small bowel. It is done when part of your small bowel is blocked or diseased. The small bo...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article The bowel may be reconnected after several weeks or months when the infection has healed. Outlook (Prognosis) Necrotizing enterocolitis is a serious disease. Up to 40% of infants with NEC die from it. Early, aggressive treatment can help improve the outcome. Possible Complications Complications may include:Peritonitis Sepsis SepsisSepsis is an illness in which the body has a severe, inflammatory response to bacteria or other germs.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Intestinal perforation Intestinal stricture Intestinal strictureIntestinal obstruction is a partial or complete blockage of the bowel. The contents of the intestine cannot pass through it.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Liver problems from prolonged inability to tolerate enteral feeds and need for parenteral (IV) nutrition Short bowel syndrome if a large amount of intestine is lost When to Contact a Medical Professional Get emergency medical care if any symptoms of necrotizing enterocolitis develop. Infants who are hospitalized for illness or prematurity are at higher risk for NEC. They are watched closely for this problem before they are sent home. Open ReferencesReferencesGreenberg JM, Narendran V, Brady JM, Nathan AT, Haberman B. Neonatal morbidities of prenatal and perinatal origin. In: Lockwood CJ, Copel JA, Dugoff L et al, eds. Creasy and Resnik's Maternal-Fetal Medicine: Principles and Practice. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 73.Kudin O, Neu J. Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. In: Martin RJ, Fanaroff AA, Walsh MC, eds. Fanaroff and Martin's Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 85.Seed PC. The microbiome and pediatric health. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 21st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 196.AllVideoImagesTogInfant intestines - illustration The intestines are responsible for the majority of fluid absorption.Infant intestinesillustrationInfant intestines - illustration The intestines are responsible for the majority of fluid absorption.Infant intestinesillustrationRelated Information Sepsis(Condition)Intestinal obstruction and Ileus(Condition) Review Date: 4/28/2023 Reviewed By: Neil K. Kaneshiro, MD, MHA, Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. 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Necrotizing enterocolitisNecrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the death of tissue in the intestine. It occurs most often in premature or sick babies. Causes NEC occurs when the lining of the intestinal wall dies. This problem nearly always develops in an infant who is ill or premature. It is likely to occur while the infant is still in the hospital.The exact cause of this disorder is unknown. A drop in blood flow to the bowel can damage the tissue. Bacteria in the intestine may also add to the problem. Also, premature infants have an undeveloped immune response to factors such as bacteria or low blood flow. An imbalance in immune regulation appears to be involved in NEC.Babies at higher risk for the condition include:Premature infants Infants who are fed formula rather than human milk. (Human milk contains growth factors, antibodies and immune cells which may help prevent the problem.) Infants in a nursery where an outbreak has occurred Infants who have received blood exchange transfusions or have been seriously ill Symptoms Symptoms may come on slowly or suddenly, and may include:Abdominal bloating Abdominal bloatingA swollen abdomen is when your belly area is bigger than usual.Read Article Now Book Mark Article Blood in the stool Blood in the stoolBlack or tarry stools with a foul smell are a sign of a problem in the upper digestive tract. It most often indicates that there is bleeding in the ...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Diarrhea Feeding problems Lack of energy Lack of energyFatigue is a feeling of weariness, tiredness, or lack of energy.Read Article Now Book Mark Article Unstable body temperature Unstable breathing, heart rate, or blood pressure Vomiting Exams and Tests Tests may include:Abdominal x-ray Abdominal x-rayAn abdominal x-ray is an imaging test to look at organs and structures in the abdomen. Organs include the liver, spleen, stomach, and intestines. Wh...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Stool for occult blood test Complete blood count (CBC) CBCA complete blood count (CBC) test measures the following:The number of white blood cells (WBC count)The number of red blood cells (RBC count)The numb...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Electrolyte levels, blood gases and other blood tests Treatment Treatment for a baby who may have NEC most often includes: Halting enteral (GI tract) feedings Relieving gas in the bowel by inserting a tube in the stomach Giving IV fluids and nutrition IVIntravenous means "within a vein. " Most often it refers to giving medicines or fluids through a needle or tube inserted into a vein. This allows th...Read Article Now Book Mark Article Giving IV antibiotics Monitoring the condition with abdominal x-rays, blood tests, and measurement of blood gases The infant will need surgery if there is a hole in the intestines or inflammation of the abdominal wall (peritonitis).In this surgery, the doctor will:Remove dead bowel tissue Perform a colostomy or ileostomyColostomyColostomy is a surgical procedure that brings one end of the large intestine out through an opening (stoma) made in the abdominal wall. Stools movin...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article IleostomySmall bowel resection is surgery to remove a part of your small bowel. It is done when part of your small bowel is blocked or diseased. The small bo...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article The bowel may be reconnected after several weeks or months when the infection has healed. Outlook (Prognosis) Necrotizing enterocolitis is a serious disease. Up to 40% of infants with NEC die from it. Early, aggressive treatment can help improve the outcome. Possible Complications Complications may include:Peritonitis Sepsis SepsisSepsis is an illness in which the body has a severe, inflammatory response to bacteria or other germs.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Intestinal perforation Intestinal stricture Intestinal strictureIntestinal obstruction is a partial or complete blockage of the bowel. The contents of the intestine cannot pass through it.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Liver problems from prolonged inability to tolerate enteral feeds and need for parenteral (IV) nutrition Short bowel syndrome if a large amount of intestine is lost When to Contact a Medical Professional Get emergency medical care if any symptoms of necrotizing enterocolitis develop. Infants who are hospitalized for illness or prematurity are at higher risk for NEC. They are watched closely for this problem before they are sent home. Open ReferencesReferencesGreenberg JM, Narendran V, Brady JM, Nathan AT, Haberman B. Neonatal morbidities of prenatal and perinatal origin. In: Lockwood CJ, Copel JA, Dugoff L et al, eds. Creasy and Resnik's Maternal-Fetal Medicine: Principles and Practice. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 73.Kudin O, Neu J. Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. In: Martin RJ, Fanaroff AA, Walsh MC, eds. Fanaroff and Martin's Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 85.Seed PC. The microbiome and pediatric health. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 21st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 196.