Metabolic syndrome
Insulin resistance syndrome; Syndrome XMetabolic syndrome is a name for a group of risk factors that occur together and increase the chance of having coronary artery disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes.
Coronary artery disease
Coronary heart disease is a narrowing of the blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart. Coronary heart disease (CHD) is also called co...
Read Article Now Book Mark ArticleStroke
A stroke occurs when blood flow to a part of the brain stops. A stroke is sometimes called a "brain attack. " If blood flow is cut off for longer th...
Read Article Now Book Mark ArticleType 2 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes is a lifelong (chronic) disease in which there is a high level of sugar (glucose) in the blood. Type 2 diabetes is the most common f...
Read Article Now Book Mark ArticleCauses
Metabolic syndrome is very common in the United States. About one fourth of Americans are affected and risk increases with age and among certain ethnicities. Doctors are not sure whether the syndrome is due to one single cause. But many of the risks for the syndrome are related to obesity. Many people with metabolic syndrome used to be told they had pre-diabetes, early hypertension (high blood pressure) or mild hyperlipidemia (high fats in the blood).
The two most important risk factors for metabolic syndrome are:
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Extra weight around the middle and upper parts of the body (central obesity). This body type may be described as "apple-shaped."
Obesity
Obesity means weighing more than what is healthy for a given height. Obesity is a serious, chronic disease. It can lead to other health problems, i...
Read Article Now Book Mark Article - Insulin resistance -- Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas. Insulin is needed to help control the amount of sugar in the blood. Insulin resistance means that some cells in the body use insulin less effectively than normal. As a result, blood sugar level rises, which causes insulin production to rise. This may increase the amount of body fat.
Other risk factors include:
- Aging
- Genes that make you more likely to develop this condition
- Changes in male, female, and stress hormones
- Lack of exercise
People who have metabolic syndrome often have one or more other factors that may be linked with the condition, including:
- Increased risk for blood clotting
- Increased levels of blood substances that are a sign of inflammation throughout the body
- Small amounts of a protein called albumin in the urine
Exams and Tests
Your health care provider will examine you. You'll be asked about your overall health and any symptoms you're having. Blood tests may be ordered to check your blood sugar, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels.
You'll likely be diagnosed with metabolic syndrome if you have three or more of the following signs:
- Blood pressure equal to or higher than 130/85 mm Hg or you're taking medicine for high blood pressure
- Fasting blood sugar (glucose) from 100 to 125 mg/dL (5.6 to 7 mmol/L) or you've been diagnosed with and are taking medicines for diabetes
- Large waist circumference (length around the waist): For men, 40 inches (102 centimeters [cm]) or more; for women, 35 inches (89 cm) or more [for people of Asian ancestry 35 inches (89 cm) for men and 30 inches (76 cm) for women]
- Low HDL (good) cholesterol: For men, less than 40 mg/dL (1.04 mmol/L); for women, less than 50 mg/dL (1.29 mmol/L) or you're taking medicine for reduced HDL
- Fasting levels of triglycerides equal to or higher than 150 mg/dL (1.69 mmol/L) or you're taking medicine to lower triglycerides
Treatment
The goal of treatment is to reduce your risk for heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.
Your provider will recommend lifestyle changes or medicines:
- Lose weight. The goal is to lose between 7% and 10% of your current weight. You will probably need to eat 500 to 1,000 fewer calories per day. A variety of diet options can help people achieve this goal. There is no single ‘best’ diet to lose weight.
- Get 150 minutes a week of moderate intensity exercise such as walking. Do exercises to strengthen your muscles 2 days a week. High intensity exercise for shorter periods is another option. Check with your provider to see if you are healthy enough to start a new exercise program.
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Lower your cholesterol by eating healthier foods, losing weight, exercising, and taking cholesterol-lowering medicines, if needed.
Eating healthier foods, losing weight, ...
Your body needs cholesterol to work well. But cholesterol levels that are too high can harm you. In the US, blood cholesterol is most often measured...
Read Article Now Book Mark ArticleTaking cholesterol-lowering medicines
Your body needs cholesterol to work properly. But extra cholesterol in your blood causes deposits to build up on the inside walls of your blood vess...
Read Article Now Book Mark Article - Lower your blood pressure by eating less salt, losing weight, exercising, and taking medicine, if needed.
Lower your blood pressure
Hypertension is another term used to describe high blood pressure. High blood pressure can lead to: StrokeHeart attackHeart failureKidney diseaseEar...
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Your provider may recommend daily low-dose aspirin.
If you smoke, now is the time to quit. Ask your provider for help quitting. There are medicines and programs that can help you quit.
The time to quit
There are many ways to quit smoking. There are also resources to help you. Family members, friends, and co-workers may be supportive. But to be su...
Read Article Now Book Mark ArticleOutlook (Prognosis)
People with metabolic syndrome have an increased long-term risk of developing heart disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, kidney disease, and poor blood supply to the legs.
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Contact your provider if you have signs or symptoms of this condition.
References
American Heart Association website. About metabolic syndrome. www.heart.org/en/health-topics/metabolic-syndrome/about-metabolic-syndrome. Updated October 17, 2023. Accessed May 28, 2024.
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute website. Metabolic syndrome. www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/metabolic-syndrome. Updated: May 18, 2022. Accessed May 28, 2024.
Raynor HA, Morgan-Bathke M, Baxter SD, et al. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Medical nutrition therapy behavioral interventions provided by dietitians for adults with overweight or obesity, 2024. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2024 ;124(3):408-415. PMID: 38040115 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38040115/.
Ruderman NB, Shulman GI. Metabolic syndrome In: Robertson RP, ed. DeGroot's Endocrinology. 8th ed. PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 26.
Abdominal girth measurement - illustration
The measurement of the abdominal girth may be helpful in evaluating central adiposity. Central obesity (“apple shaped” body type) is a risk factor for metabolic syndrome.
Abdominal girth measurement
illustration
Review Date: 5/20/2024
Reviewed By: Sandeep K. Dhaliwal, MD, board-certified in Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Springfield, VA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.