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RBC count

Show Alternative Names
Erythrocyte count
Red blood cell count
Anemia - RBC count

An RBC count is a blood test that measures how many red blood cells (RBCs) you have.

RBCs contain hemoglobin, a protein which carries oxygen. How much oxygen your body tissues get depends on how many RBCs you have and how well they work.

Red blood cell production - Animation

Blood has been called the river of life, transporting various substances that must be carried to one part of the body or another. Red blood cells are an important element of blood. Their job is to transport oxygen to the body's tissues in exchange for carbon dioxide, which they carry to the lungs to be expelled. Red blood cells are formed in the red bone marrow of bones. Stem cells in the red bone marrow are called hemocytoblasts. They give rise to all of the formed elements in blood. If a stem cell commits to becoming a cell called a proerythroblast, it will develop into a new red blood cell. The formation of a red blood cell takes about 2 days. The body makes about two million red blood cells every second! Blood is made up of both cellular and liquid components. If a sample of blood is spun in a centrifuge, the formed elements and fluid matrix of blood can be separated from each other. Blood consists of 45% red blood cells, less than 1% white blood cells and platelets, and 55% plasma.

How the Test is Performed

A blood sample is needed.

How to Prepare for the Test

No special preparation is necessary.

How the Test will Feel

When the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain. Others feel only a prick or stinging. Afterward, there may be some throbbing or a slight bruise. This soon goes away.

Why the Test is Performed

The RBC count is almost always part of a complete blood count (CBC) test.

The test can help diagnose different kinds of anemia (low number of RBCs) and other conditions affecting red blood cells.

Other conditions that may require an RBC count are:

  • Bone marrow disorder in which the marrow is replaced by scar tissue (myelofibrosis)
  • Disease that damages kidney blood vessels (Alport syndrome)
  • Disorder in which red blood cells break down earlier than normal (hemolysis or paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria)
  • White blood cell cancer (Waldenström macroglobulinemia)

Normal Results

Normal RBC ranges are:

  • Male: 4.7 to 6.1 million cells per microliter (cells/mcL)
  • Female: 4.2 to 5.4 million cells/mcL

The ranges above are common measurements for results of these tests. Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Some labs use different measurements or test different samples. Talk to your health care provider about the meaning of your specific test results.

What Abnormal Results Mean

Higher than normal numbers of RBCs may be due to:

  • Bone marrow disease that causes abnormal increase in RBCs (polycythemia vera)
  • Cigarette smoking
  • Dehydration (for example, from severe diarrhea)
  • Failure of the right side of the heart (cor pulmonale)
  • Kidney tumor (renal cell carcinoma)
  • Low blood oxygen level (hypoxia)
  • Problem with heart's structure and function that is present at birth (congenital heart disease)
  • Scarring or thickening of the lungs (pulmonary fibrosis)

Your RBC count will increase for several weeks when you are in a higher altitude.

Drugs that can increase the RBC count include:

  • Anabolic steroids
  • Erythropoietin
  • Gentamicin
  • Testosterone

Lower-than-normal numbers of RBCs may be due to:

  • Anemia
  • Bleeding
  • Bone marrow cancer called multiple myeloma
  • Bone marrow failure (for example, from radiation, toxins, or tumor)
  • Deficiency of a hormone called erythropoietin (caused by kidney disease)
  • Leukemia
  • Malnutrition
  • Pregnancy
  • RBC destruction (hemolysis) due to transfusion, blood vessel injury, or other cause
  • Too little iron, copper, folic acid, vitamin B6, or vitamin B12 in the diet
  • Too much water in the body (overhydration)

Drugs that can decrease the RBC count include:

  • Chemotherapy drugs
  • Chloramphenicol and certain other antibiotics
  • Hydantoins
  • Methyldopa
  • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
  • Quinidine

Risks

There is little risk involved with having your blood taken. Veins and arteries vary in size from one person to another and from one side of the body to the other. Taking blood from some people may be more difficult than from others.

Other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight, but may include:

  • Excessive bleeding
  • Fainting or feeling lightheaded
  • Multiple punctures to locate veins
  • Hematoma (blood buildup under the skin)
  • Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken)
Review Date: 1/9/2022

Reviewed By

David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

References

Gallagher PG. Hemolytic anemias: red blood cell membrane and metabolic defects. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 152.

Little M. Anaemia. In: Cameron P, Little M, Mitra B, Deasy C, eds. Textbook of Adult Emergency Medicine. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 13.

Pincus MR, Abraham NZ, Bluth M. Interpreting laboratory results. In: McPherson RA, Pincus MR, eds. Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. 24th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 9.

Means RT. Approach to the anemias. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 149.

Disclaimer

The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. No warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, timeliness, or correctness of any translations made by a third-party service of the information provided herein into any other language. © 1997- A.D.A.M., a business unit of Ebix, Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.

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Red blood cell production

Red blood cell production

Animation

Blood test - Illustration Thumbnail

Blood test

Blood is drawn from a vein (venipuncture), usually from the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand. A needle is inserted into the vein, and the blood is collected in an air-tight vial or a syringe. Preparation may vary depending on the specific test.

Illustration

Formed elements of blood - Illustration Thumbnail

Formed elements of blood

Blood transports oxygen and nutrients to body tissues and returns waste and carbon dioxide. Blood distributes nearly everything that is carried from one area in the body to another place within the body. For example, blood transports hormones from endocrine organs to their target organs and tissues. Blood helps maintain body temperature and normal pH levels in body tissues. The protective functions of blood include clot formation and the prevention of infection.

Illustration

 
Red blood cell production

Red blood cell production

Animation

 
Blood test - Illustration Thumbnail

Blood test

Blood is drawn from a vein (venipuncture), usually from the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand. A needle is inserted into the vein, and the blood is collected in an air-tight vial or a syringe. Preparation may vary depending on the specific test.

Illustration

Formed elements of blood - Illustration Thumbnail

Formed elements of blood

Blood transports oxygen and nutrients to body tissues and returns waste and carbon dioxide. Blood distributes nearly everything that is carried from one area in the body to another place within the body. For example, blood transports hormones from endocrine organs to their target organs and tissues. Blood helps maintain body temperature and normal pH levels in body tissues. The protective functions of blood include clot formation and the prevention of infection.

Illustration

 
##RemoveMe##
 

Red blood cell production - Animation

Blood has been called the river of life, transporting various substances that must be carried to one part of the body or another. Red blood cells are an important element of blood. Their job is to transport oxygen to the body's tissues in exchange for carbon dioxide, which they carry to the lungs to be expelled. Red blood cells are formed in the red bone marrow of bones. Stem cells in the red bone marrow are called hemocytoblasts. They give rise to all of the formed elements in blood.

If a stem cell commits to becoming a cell called a proerythroblast, it will develop into a new red blood cell.

The formation of a red blood cell takes about 2 days. The body makes about two million red blood cells every second!

Blood is made up of both cellular and liquid components. If a sample of blood is spun in a centrifuge, the formed elements and fluid matrix of blood can be separated from each other.

Blood consists of 45% red blood cells, less than 1% white blood cells and platelets, and 55% plasma.

 

Red blood cell production - Animation

Blood has been called the river of life, transporting various substances that must be carried to one part of the body or another. Red blood cells are an important element of blood. Their job is to transport oxygen to the body's tissues in exchange for carbon dioxide, which they carry to the lungs to be expelled. Red blood cells are formed in the red bone marrow of bones. Stem cells in the red bone marrow are called hemocytoblasts. They give rise to all of the formed elements in blood.

If a stem cell commits to becoming a cell called a proerythroblast, it will develop into a new red blood cell.

The formation of a red blood cell takes about 2 days. The body makes about two million red blood cells every second!

Blood is made up of both cellular and liquid components. If a sample of blood is spun in a centrifuge, the formed elements and fluid matrix of blood can be separated from each other.

Blood consists of 45% red blood cells, less than 1% white blood cells and platelets, and 55% plasma.

 
 
 
 

 

 
 
 
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