BACK TOTOP Browse A-ZSearchBrowse A-ZABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0-9 E-mail FormEmail ResultsName:Email address:Recipients Name:Recipients address:Message: Print-FriendlyBookmarksbookmarks-menuNeck painPain - neck; Neck stiffness; Cervicalgia; Whiplash; Stiff neck Neck pain is discomfort in any of the structures in the neck. These include the muscles, nerves, bones (vertebrae), joints, and the discs between the bones.Related video goes here for no-HTML5 browsers Considerations When your neck is sore, you may have difficulty moving it, such as turning to one side. Many people describe this as having a stiff neck.If neck pain involves compression of your nerves, you may feel numbness, tingling, or weakness in your arm or hand. Causes A common cause of neck pain is muscle strain or tension. Most often, everyday activities are to blame. Such activities include:Bending over a desk for a long time (often an hour or more) Having poor posture while watching TV or reading Having your computer monitor positioned too high or too low Sleeping in an uncomfortable position Twisting and turning your neck in a jarring manner while exercising Lifting things too quickly or with poor postureAccidents or falls can cause severe neck injuries, such as vertebral fractures, whiplash, blood vessel injury, and even paralysis.Other causes include:Medical conditions, such as fibromyalgia FibromyalgiaFibromyalgia is a condition in which a person has long-term pain that is spread throughout their body. The pain is most often accompanied by fatigue...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Cervical arthritis or spondylosis SpondylosisCervical spondylosis is a disorder in which there is wear on the cartilage (disks) and bones of the neck (cervical vertebrae). It is a common cause ...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Ruptured disk Ruptured diskA herniated (slipped) disk occurs when all or part of a disk is forced through a weakened part of the disk. This may place pressure on nearby nerves...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Small fractures to the spine from osteoporosis Small fractures to the spineCompression fractures of the back are broken vertebrae. Vertebrae are the bones of the spine.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article OsteoporosisOsteoporosis is a disease in which bones become fragile and more likely to break (fracture).ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Spinal stenosis (narrowing of the spinal canal) Spinal stenosisSpinal stenosis is narrowing of the spinal column that causes pressure on the spinal cord, or narrowing of the openings (called neural foramina) wher...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Sprains SprainsA sprain is an injury to the ligaments around a joint. Ligaments are strong, flexible fibers that hold bones together. When a ligament is stretched...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Infection of the spine (osteomyelitis, diskitis, abscess) OsteomyelitisOsteomyelitis is a bone infection. It is mainly caused by bacteria or other germs.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article DiskitisDiskitis is swelling (inflammation) and irritation of the space between the bones of the spine (intervertebral disk space).ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article AbscessSpinal cord abscess is the swelling and irritation (inflammation) and the collection of infected material (pus) and germs in or around the spinal cor...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Torticollis TorticollisTorticollis is a condition in which the neck muscles cause the head to tilt, turn or rotate to the side.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Cancer that involves the spine Home Care Treatment and self-care for your neck pain depend on the cause of the pain. You will need to learn:Self-careYou have been diagnosed with neck pain. Your symptoms may be caused by muscle strains or spasms, arthritis in your spine, a bulging disc, or narrowe...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article How to relieve the pain What your activity level should be What medicines you can takeMedicines you can takeAcute back pain often goes away on its own over several weeks. In some people, back pain persists. It may not go away completely or it may get more...Read Article Now Book Mark Article For minor, common causes of neck pain:Take over-the-counter pain relievers such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB) or acetaminophen (Tylenol). Over-the-counter pain relieversOver-the-counter (OTC) pain relievers can help relieve pain or lower a fever. Over-the-counter means you can buy these medicines without a prescript...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Apply heat or ice to the painful area. Use ice for the first 48 to 72 hours, and then use heat after that. Apply heat with warm showers, warm compresses, or a heating pad. To prevent injury to your skin, DO NOT fall asleep with a heating pad or ice bag in place. Stop normal physical activity for the first few days. This helps calm your symptoms and reduce inflammation. Do slow range-of-motion exercises, up and down, side to side, and from ear to ear. This helps gently stretch the neck muscles. Have a partner gently massage the sore or painful areas. Try sleeping on a firm mattress with a pillow that supports your neck. You may want to get a special neck pillow. Ask your health care provider about using a soft neck collar to relieve discomfort. However, using collar for a long time can weaken neck muscles. Take it off from time to time to allow the muscles to get stronger. When to Contact a Medical Professional Seek medical help right away if you have:A fever and headache, and your neck is so stiff that you cannot touch your chin to your chest. This may indicate meningitis. Call 911 or the local emergency number or get to a hospital. MeningitisMeningitis is an infection of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. This covering is called the meninges.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Symptoms of a heart attack, such as shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, vomiting, or arm or jaw pain. Heart attackMost heart attacks are caused by a blood clot that blocks one of the coronary arteries. The coronary arteries bring blood and oxygen to the heart. ...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article SweatingSweating is the release of liquid from the body's sweat glands. This liquid contains salt. This process is also called perspiration. Sweating helps...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article NauseaNausea is feeling an urge to vomit. It is often called "being sick to your stomach. "Vomiting or throwing-up forces the contents of the stomach up t...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Contact your provider if:Symptoms do not go away in 1 week with self-care You have numbness, tingling, or weakness in your arm or hand Your neck pain was caused by a fall, blow, or injury -- if you cannot move your arm or hand, have someone call 911 or the local emergency number You have swollen glands or a lump in your neck Swollen glandsLymph nodes are present throughout your body. They are an important part of your immune system. Lymph nodes help your body recognize and fight germ...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Your pain does not go away with regular doses of over-the-counter pain medicine You have difficulty swallowing or breathing along with the neck pain The pain gets worse when you lie down or wakes you up at night Your pain is so severe that you cannot get comfortable You lose control over urination or bowel movements You have trouble walking and balancing What to Expect at Your Office Visit Your provider will perform a physical exam and ask about your neck pain, including how often it occurs and how much it hurts. Your provider will probably not order any tests during the first visit. Tests are only done if you have symptoms or a medical history that suggests a tumor, infection, fracture, or serious nerve disorder. In that case, the following tests may be done:X-rays of the neck X-rays of the neckA neck x-ray is an imaging test to look at the cervical vertebrae. These are the 7 bones of the spine in the neck.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article CT scan of the neck or head CT scan of the neckA head computed tomography (CT) scan uses many x-rays to create pictures of the head, including the skull, brain, eye sockets, and sinuses.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Blood tests, such as a complete blood count (CBC) CBCA complete blood count (CBC) test measures the following:The number of white blood cells (WBC count)The number of red blood cells (RBC count)The numb...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article MRI of the neckMRI of the neckA magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan is an imaging test that uses powerful magnets and radio waves to create pictures of the body. It does not us...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article If the pain is due to muscle spasm or a pinched nerve, your provider may prescribe a muscle relaxant or a more powerful pain reliever. Over-the-counter medicines often work as well as prescription drugs. At times, your provider may give you steroids to reduce swelling. If there is nerve damage, your provider may refer you to a neurologist, neurosurgeon, or orthopedic surgeon for consultation.Open ReferencesReferencesHudgins TH, Origenes AK, Pleuhs B, Alleva JT. Cervical sprain or strain. In: Frontera WR, Silver JK, Rizzo TD Jr, eds. Essentials of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: Musculoskeletal Disorders, Pain, and Rehabilitation. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019:chap 6.Kosty J, Nasser R, Vasquez RA, Wong CC, Cheng JS. Neck pain. In: Firestein GS, Budd RC, Gabriel SE, Koretzky GA, McInnes IB, O'Dell JR, eds. Firestein & Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier;2021:chap 48.Ronthal M. Arm and neck pain. In: Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL, Newman NJ, eds. Bradley and Daroff's Neurology in Clinical Practice. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 32.AllVideoImagesTogNeck painAnimation Related video goes here for no-HTML5 browsersNeck pain - Animation Your neck is sore. It hurts to move your head. Are you sleeping wrong, is it stress, or a result of climbing that ladder to clean your gutters? Let's get to the bottom of those real pains in your neck. When your neck is sore, you may have trouble moving it, especially to one side. Many people describe this as having a stiff neck. If neck pain involves nerves, such as a muscle spasm pinching on a nerve or a slipped disk pressing on a nerve, you may feel numbness, tingling, or weakness in your arm, hand, or elsewhere. A common cause of neck pain is muscle strain or tension. Usually, everyday activities are to blame. Such activities include bending over a desk for hours hunching in place, having poor posture while watching TV or reading, placing your computer monitor too high or too low, sleeping in an uncomfortable position, or twisting and turning your neck in a jarring manner while exercising. Usually, you can treat minor neck pain at home. Simple posture improvements are a great place to start, sitting straight with shoulders held back, driving with arms on armrests, and avoiding carrying shoulder bags. Take breaks when sitting in front of video displays or holding a telephone. For pain, you might try over-the-counter pain relievers such as Advil or Tylenol. And low level laser therapy can be very effective. Physical therapy can be great for treating or preventing the recurrence of neck pain. Slow range of motion exercises, moving your head up and down, side to side from ear to ear, can gently stretch your neck muscles. Applying heat beforehand may help. Good sleep position is especially important with the head aligned with the body. You can try sleeping with a special neck pillow for that. You may want to see a doctor if your symptoms linger for longer than a week of self care, or if you have numbness, tingling, or weakness in your arm or hand, or if your pain was caused by a fall, blow, or injury. If the pain is due to a muscle spasm or a pinched nerve, your doctor may prescribe a muscle relaxant or a tricyclic antidepressant, and possibly a more powerful pain reliever than you were taking at home. You may be referred to a neurologist if he suspects any nerve damage in your neck. You can help prevent neck pain or keep it from coming back in many ways. Use relaxation techniques and regular exercise to prevent unwanted stress and tension to your neck muscles. Learn stretching exercises for your neck and upper body, stretch every day, before and especially after exercise. Use good posture, especially if you sit at a desk all day, keep your back supported, adjust your computer monitor to eye level, so you don't have to continually look up or down. Talk to your doctor if pain persists, you do not want to go through life with a real pain in the neck.Neck pain - illustration The spinal vertebrae are separated by cartilage disks filled with a gelatinous substance, that provide cushioning to the spinal column. These disks may move out of place or rupture from trauma or strain, especially if degenerative changes have occurred in the disk. When the disk moves out of place nerve roots (large nerves that branch out from the spinal cord) may become compressed resulting in neurological symptoms, such as pain, sensory and motor changes.Neck painillustrationWhiplash - illustration The pain of whiplash may not appear right away after an accident, but sometimes may take hours to weeks to develop. Symptoms include dizziness, headache, pain or stiffness in the neck, jaw, shoulders, or arms. WhiplashillustrationLocation of whiplash pain - illustration Whiplash is an injury to the soft tissues of the neck. Whiplash injury strains the muscles and ligaments of the neck beyond their normal range of motion. There is often pain and stiffness in the neck for the first few days following a whiplash injury. The pain can also be felt in the surrounding muscle groups in the head, chest, shoulders, and arms.Location of whiplash painillustrationNeck painAnimation Related video goes here for no-HTML5 browsersNeck pain - Animation Your neck is sore. It hurts to move your head. Are you sleeping wrong, is it stress, or a result of climbing that ladder to clean your gutters? Let's get to the bottom of those real pains in your neck. When your neck is sore, you may have trouble moving it, especially to one side. Many people describe this as having a stiff neck. If neck pain involves nerves, such as a muscle spasm pinching on a nerve or a slipped disk pressing on a nerve, you may feel numbness, tingling, or weakness in your arm, hand, or elsewhere. A common cause of neck pain is muscle strain or tension. Usually, everyday activities are to blame. Such activities include bending over a desk for hours hunching in place, having poor posture while watching TV or reading, placing your computer monitor too high or too low, sleeping in an uncomfortable position, or twisting and turning your neck in a jarring manner while exercising. Usually, you can treat minor neck pain at home. Simple posture improvements are a great place to start, sitting straight with shoulders held back, driving with arms on armrests, and avoiding carrying shoulder bags. Take breaks when sitting in front of video displays or holding a telephone. For pain, you might try over-the-counter pain relievers such as Advil or Tylenol. And low level laser therapy can be very effective. Physical therapy can be great for treating or preventing the recurrence of neck pain. Slow range of motion exercises, moving your head up and down, side to side from ear to ear, can gently stretch your neck muscles. Applying heat beforehand may help. Good sleep position is especially important with the head aligned with the body. You can try sleeping with a special neck pillow for that. You may want to see a doctor if your symptoms linger for longer than a week of self care, or if you have numbness, tingling, or weakness in your arm or hand, or if your pain was caused by a fall, blow, or injury. If the pain is due to a muscle spasm or a pinched nerve, your doctor may prescribe a muscle relaxant or a tricyclic antidepressant, and possibly a more powerful pain reliever than you were taking at home. You may be referred to a neurologist if he suspects any nerve damage in your neck. You can help prevent neck pain or keep it from coming back in many ways. Use relaxation techniques and regular exercise to prevent unwanted stress and tension to your neck muscles. Learn stretching exercises for your neck and upper body, stretch every day, before and especially after exercise. Use good posture, especially if you sit at a desk all day, keep your back supported, adjust your computer monitor to eye level, so you don't have to continually look up or down. Talk to your doctor if pain persists, you do not want to go through life with a real pain in the neck.Neck pain - illustration The spinal vertebrae are separated by cartilage disks filled with a gelatinous substance, that provide cushioning to the spinal column. These disks may move out of place or rupture from trauma or strain, especially if degenerative changes have occurred in the disk. When the disk moves out of place nerve roots (large nerves that branch out from the spinal cord) may become compressed resulting in neurological symptoms, such as pain, sensory and motor changes.Neck painillustrationWhiplash - illustration The pain of whiplash may not appear right away after an accident, but sometimes may take hours to weeks to develop. Symptoms include dizziness, headache, pain or stiffness in the neck, jaw, shoulders, or arms. WhiplashillustrationLocation of whiplash pain - illustration Whiplash is an injury to the soft tissues of the neck. Whiplash injury strains the muscles and ligaments of the neck beyond their normal range of motion. There is often pain and stiffness in the neck for the first few days following a whiplash injury. The pain can also be felt in the surrounding muscle groups in the head, chest, shoulders, and arms.Location of whiplash painillustrationSelf Care Neck pain or spasms - self careRelated Information Spinal fusion(Surgery)Diskectomy(Surgery)Laminectomy(Surgery)Foraminotomy(Surgery)Spine surgery - discharge(Discharge) Review Date: 2/8/2024 Reviewed By: Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Clinical Professor, Department of Family Medicine, UW Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. No warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, timeliness, or correctness of any translations made by a third-party service of the information provided herein into any other language. © 1997- A.D.A.M., a business unit of Ebix, Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited. © 1997- All rights reserved. A.D.A.M. content is best viewed in IE9 or above, Firefox and Google Chrome browser.Content is best viewed in IE9 or above, Firefox and Google Chrome browser.
Neck painPain - neck; Neck stiffness; Cervicalgia; Whiplash; Stiff neck Neck pain is discomfort in any of the structures in the neck. These include the muscles, nerves, bones (vertebrae), joints, and the discs between the bones.Related video goes here for no-HTML5 browsers Considerations When your neck is sore, you may have difficulty moving it, such as turning to one side. Many people describe this as having a stiff neck.If neck pain involves compression of your nerves, you may feel numbness, tingling, or weakness in your arm or hand. Causes A common cause of neck pain is muscle strain or tension. Most often, everyday activities are to blame. Such activities include:Bending over a desk for a long time (often an hour or more) Having poor posture while watching TV or reading Having your computer monitor positioned too high or too low Sleeping in an uncomfortable position Twisting and turning your neck in a jarring manner while exercising Lifting things too quickly or with poor postureAccidents or falls can cause severe neck injuries, such as vertebral fractures, whiplash, blood vessel injury, and even paralysis.Other causes include:Medical conditions, such as fibromyalgia FibromyalgiaFibromyalgia is a condition in which a person has long-term pain that is spread throughout their body. The pain is most often accompanied by fatigue...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Cervical arthritis or spondylosis SpondylosisCervical spondylosis is a disorder in which there is wear on the cartilage (disks) and bones of the neck (cervical vertebrae). It is a common cause ...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Ruptured disk Ruptured diskA herniated (slipped) disk occurs when all or part of a disk is forced through a weakened part of the disk. This may place pressure on nearby nerves...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Small fractures to the spine from osteoporosis Small fractures to the spineCompression fractures of the back are broken vertebrae. Vertebrae are the bones of the spine.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article OsteoporosisOsteoporosis is a disease in which bones become fragile and more likely to break (fracture).ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Spinal stenosis (narrowing of the spinal canal) Spinal stenosisSpinal stenosis is narrowing of the spinal column that causes pressure on the spinal cord, or narrowing of the openings (called neural foramina) wher...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Sprains SprainsA sprain is an injury to the ligaments around a joint. Ligaments are strong, flexible fibers that hold bones together. When a ligament is stretched...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Infection of the spine (osteomyelitis, diskitis, abscess) OsteomyelitisOsteomyelitis is a bone infection. It is mainly caused by bacteria or other germs.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article DiskitisDiskitis is swelling (inflammation) and irritation of the space between the bones of the spine (intervertebral disk space).ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article AbscessSpinal cord abscess is the swelling and irritation (inflammation) and the collection of infected material (pus) and germs in or around the spinal cor...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Torticollis TorticollisTorticollis is a condition in which the neck muscles cause the head to tilt, turn or rotate to the side.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Cancer that involves the spine Home Care Treatment and self-care for your neck pain depend on the cause of the pain. You will need to learn:Self-careYou have been diagnosed with neck pain. Your symptoms may be caused by muscle strains or spasms, arthritis in your spine, a bulging disc, or narrowe...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article How to relieve the pain What your activity level should be What medicines you can takeMedicines you can takeAcute back pain often goes away on its own over several weeks. In some people, back pain persists. It may not go away completely or it may get more...Read Article Now Book Mark Article For minor, common causes of neck pain:Take over-the-counter pain relievers such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB) or acetaminophen (Tylenol). Over-the-counter pain relieversOver-the-counter (OTC) pain relievers can help relieve pain or lower a fever. Over-the-counter means you can buy these medicines without a prescript...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Apply heat or ice to the painful area. Use ice for the first 48 to 72 hours, and then use heat after that. Apply heat with warm showers, warm compresses, or a heating pad. To prevent injury to your skin, DO NOT fall asleep with a heating pad or ice bag in place. Stop normal physical activity for the first few days. This helps calm your symptoms and reduce inflammation. Do slow range-of-motion exercises, up and down, side to side, and from ear to ear. This helps gently stretch the neck muscles. Have a partner gently massage the sore or painful areas. Try sleeping on a firm mattress with a pillow that supports your neck. You may want to get a special neck pillow. Ask your health care provider about using a soft neck collar to relieve discomfort. However, using collar for a long time can weaken neck muscles. Take it off from time to time to allow the muscles to get stronger. When to Contact a Medical Professional Seek medical help right away if you have:A fever and headache, and your neck is so stiff that you cannot touch your chin to your chest. This may indicate meningitis. Call 911 or the local emergency number or get to a hospital. MeningitisMeningitis is an infection of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. This covering is called the meninges.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Symptoms of a heart attack, such as shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, vomiting, or arm or jaw pain. Heart attackMost heart attacks are caused by a blood clot that blocks one of the coronary arteries. The coronary arteries bring blood and oxygen to the heart. ...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article SweatingSweating is the release of liquid from the body's sweat glands. This liquid contains salt. This process is also called perspiration. Sweating helps...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article NauseaNausea is feeling an urge to vomit. It is often called "being sick to your stomach. "Vomiting or throwing-up forces the contents of the stomach up t...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Contact your provider if:Symptoms do not go away in 1 week with self-care You have numbness, tingling, or weakness in your arm or hand Your neck pain was caused by a fall, blow, or injury -- if you cannot move your arm or hand, have someone call 911 or the local emergency number You have swollen glands or a lump in your neck Swollen glandsLymph nodes are present throughout your body. They are an important part of your immune system. Lymph nodes help your body recognize and fight germ...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Your pain does not go away with regular doses of over-the-counter pain medicine You have difficulty swallowing or breathing along with the neck pain The pain gets worse when you lie down or wakes you up at night Your pain is so severe that you cannot get comfortable You lose control over urination or bowel movements You have trouble walking and balancing What to Expect at Your Office Visit Your provider will perform a physical exam and ask about your neck pain, including how often it occurs and how much it hurts. Your provider will probably not order any tests during the first visit. Tests are only done if you have symptoms or a medical history that suggests a tumor, infection, fracture, or serious nerve disorder. In that case, the following tests may be done:X-rays of the neck X-rays of the neckA neck x-ray is an imaging test to look at the cervical vertebrae. These are the 7 bones of the spine in the neck.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article CT scan of the neck or head CT scan of the neckA head computed tomography (CT) scan uses many x-rays to create pictures of the head, including the skull, brain, eye sockets, and sinuses.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Blood tests, such as a complete blood count (CBC) CBCA complete blood count (CBC) test measures the following:The number of white blood cells (WBC count)The number of red blood cells (RBC count)The numb...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article MRI of the neckMRI of the neckA magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan is an imaging test that uses powerful magnets and radio waves to create pictures of the body. It does not us...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article If the pain is due to muscle spasm or a pinched nerve, your provider may prescribe a muscle relaxant or a more powerful pain reliever. Over-the-counter medicines often work as well as prescription drugs. At times, your provider may give you steroids to reduce swelling. If there is nerve damage, your provider may refer you to a neurologist, neurosurgeon, or orthopedic surgeon for consultation.Open ReferencesReferencesHudgins TH, Origenes AK, Pleuhs B, Alleva JT. Cervical sprain or strain. In: Frontera WR, Silver JK, Rizzo TD Jr, eds. Essentials of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: Musculoskeletal Disorders, Pain, and Rehabilitation. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019:chap 6.Kosty J, Nasser R, Vasquez RA, Wong CC, Cheng JS. Neck pain. In: Firestein GS, Budd RC, Gabriel SE, Koretzky GA, McInnes IB, O'Dell JR, eds. Firestein & Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier;2021:chap 48.Ronthal M. Arm and neck pain. In: Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL, Newman NJ, eds. Bradley and Daroff's Neurology in Clinical Practice. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 32.