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Recognizing medical emergencies

Medical emergencies - how to recognize them

Getting medical help right away for someone who is having a medical emergency can save their life. This article describes the warning signs of a medical emergency and how to be prepared.

Information

According to the American College of Emergency Physicians, the following are warning signs of a medical emergency.

In adults:

  • Bleeding that will not stop
  • Breathing problems (difficulty breathing, shortness of breath)
  • Change in mental status (such as unusual behavior, confusion, difficulty arousing)
  • Chest pain or discomfort lasting for two minutes or more
  • Choking
  • Coughing up or vomiting blood
  • Fainting or loss of consciousness
  • Feeling of committing suicide or murder
  • Head or spine injury
  • Inability to speak
  • Severe abdominal pain or pressure
  • Severe or persistent vomiting or diarrhea
  • Sudden injury due to a motor vehicle accident, burns or smoke inhalation, near drowning, a deep or large wound, or other injuries
  • Sudden, severe pain anywhere in the body
  • Sudden dizziness, weakness, or change in vision
  • Swallowing a poisonous substance
  • Swelling of the face, eyes, or tongue

In children:

  • Bluish or grey coloration of the skin (cyanosis)
  • Difficulty in eating or feeding
  • Fever followed by a change in mental status, stiffness in the neck or back
  • Increased sleepiness
  • Lack of alertness or diminished response
  • Pain that's persistent, increasing, or severe
  • Seizure
  • Severe headache or vomiting, especially following a head injury
  • Significant change in mental status (such as unusual behavior, confusion, irritability)
  • Swelling of the face, eyes, or tongue
  • Trouble or abnormal breathing
  • Unable to stand or walk
  • Unconsciousness
  • Unstoppable bleeding

BE PREPARED:

  • Determine the location and quickest route to the nearest emergency department before an emergency happens.
  • Keep emergency phone numbers posted in your home where you can easily access them. Also enter the numbers into your cell phone. Everyone in your household, including children, should know when and how to call these numbers. These numbers include: fire department, police department, poison control center, ambulance center, your health care provider's phone numbers, contact numbers of neighbors or nearby friends or relatives, and work phone numbers.
  • Know at which hospital(s) your provider practices and, if practical, go there in an emergency.
  • Wear a medical identification tag if you have a chronic condition or look for one on a person who has any of the symptoms mentioned.
  • Get a personal emergency response system if you're an older adult, especially if you live alone.

If you or someone you know is thinking about hurting yourself or others, call or text 988 or chat 988lifeline.org. You can also call 1-800-273-8255 (1-800-273-TALK). The 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline provides free and confidential support 24/7, anytime day or night.

You can also call 911 or the local emergency number or go to the hospital emergency room. DO NOT delay.

If someone you know has attempted suicide, call 911 or the local emergency number right away. DO NOT leave the person alone, even after you have called for help.

Always take suicide attempts and threats seriously.

WHAT TO DO IF SOMEONE NEEDS HELP:

  • Stay calm and call 911 or your local emergency number.
  • Start CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) or rescue breathing, if necessary and if you know the proper technique.
  • Place a semiconscious or unconscious person in the recovery position until the ambulance arrives. DO NOT move the person, however, if there has been or may have been a neck injury.

Upon arriving at an emergency room, the person will be evaluated right away. Life- or limb-threatening conditions will be treated first. People with conditions that are not life- or limb-threatening may have to wait.

CALL 911 OR YOUR LOCAL EMERGENCY NUMBER IF:

  • The person's condition is life threatening (for example, the person is having a heart attack or severe allergic reaction)
  • The person's condition could become life threatening on the way to the hospital
  • Moving the person could cause further injury (for example, in case of a neck injury or motor vehicle accident)
  • The person needs the skills or equipment of paramedics
  • Traffic conditions or distance might cause a delay in getting the person to the hospital
Open References

References

American College of Emergency Physicians website. Know when to go. www.emergencyphysicians.org/article/know-when-to-go/know-when-to-go-overview. Accessed April 25, 2025.

Blackwell TH. Emergency medical services: overview and ground transport. In: Walls RM, ed. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap e12.

  • Stopping bleeding with direct pressure

    Stopping bleeding with direct pressure - illustration

    Bleeding from most injuries can be stopped by applying direct pressure to the injury. This keeps from cutting off the blood supply to the affected limb.

    Stopping bleeding with direct pressure

    illustration

  • Stopping bleeding with a tourniquet

    Stopping bleeding with a tourniquet - illustration

    When there is severe bleeding where a major artery has been severed, pressure may be insufficient and a tourniquet may be necessary. Tourniquets are an effective way of stopping bleeding from an extremity. They do, however, stop circulation to the affected extremity and should ONLY be used when other methods, such as pressure dressings, have failed (or are likely to fail). Pressure from tourniquets must be relieved periodically to prevent damage to the tissue from lack of oxygen.

    Stopping bleeding with a tourniquet

    illustration

  • Stopping bleeding with pressure and ice

    Stopping bleeding with pressure and ice - illustration

    Bleeding from most injuries can be stopped by applying direct pressure to the injury. This keeps from cutting off the blood supply to the affected limb. When there is severe bleeding, where a major artery has been severed, pressure may be insufficient and a tourniquet may be necessary.

    Stopping bleeding with pressure and ice

    illustration

  • Neck pulse

    Neck pulse - illustration

    To measure the pulse on the neck, place the index and middle finger just to the side of the Adam's apple, in the soft hollow area. This pulse is felt in the common carotid artery.

    Neck pulse

    illustration

    • Stopping bleeding with direct pressure

      Stopping bleeding with direct pressure - illustration

      Bleeding from most injuries can be stopped by applying direct pressure to the injury. This keeps from cutting off the blood supply to the affected limb.

      Stopping bleeding with direct pressure

      illustration

    • Stopping bleeding with a tourniquet

      Stopping bleeding with a tourniquet - illustration

      When there is severe bleeding where a major artery has been severed, pressure may be insufficient and a tourniquet may be necessary. Tourniquets are an effective way of stopping bleeding from an extremity. They do, however, stop circulation to the affected extremity and should ONLY be used when other methods, such as pressure dressings, have failed (or are likely to fail). Pressure from tourniquets must be relieved periodically to prevent damage to the tissue from lack of oxygen.

      Stopping bleeding with a tourniquet

      illustration

    • Stopping bleeding with pressure and ice

      Stopping bleeding with pressure and ice - illustration

      Bleeding from most injuries can be stopped by applying direct pressure to the injury. This keeps from cutting off the blood supply to the affected limb. When there is severe bleeding, where a major artery has been severed, pressure may be insufficient and a tourniquet may be necessary.

      Stopping bleeding with pressure and ice

      illustration

    • Neck pulse

      Neck pulse - illustration

      To measure the pulse on the neck, place the index and middle finger just to the side of the Adam's apple, in the soft hollow area. This pulse is felt in the common carotid artery.

      Neck pulse

      illustration

     

    Review Date: 1/8/2025

    Reviewed By: Jesse Borke, MD, CPE, FAAEM, FACEP, Attending Physician at Kaiser Permanente, Orange County, CA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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