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Basal ganglia dysfunction

Show Alternative Names
Extrapyramidal syndrome
Antipsychotics - extrapyramidal

Basal ganglia dysfunction is a problem with the deep brain structures that help start and control movement.

Causes

Athetosis resulting from basal ganglia injury - Animation

Athetosis, or constant writhing movements, is often caused by injury to deeply situated structures within the brain called the basal ganglia.

Any condition that can cause brain injury can damage the basal ganglia. Such conditions include:

  • Carbon monoxide poisoning
  • Drug overdose
  • Head injury
  • Infection
  • Liver disease
  • Metabolic problems
  • Multiple sclerosis (MS)
  • Poisoning with copper, manganese, or other heavy metals
  • Stroke
  • Tumors

A common cause of the symptoms of basal ganglia dysfunction is chronic use of medicines used to treat schizophrenia.

Many brain disorders are associated with basal ganglia dysfunction. They include:

Symptoms

Damage to the basal ganglia cells may cause problems controlling speech, movement, and posture. This combination of symptoms is called parkinsonism.

A person with basal ganglia dysfunction may have trouble starting, stopping, or sustaining movement. Depending on which area of the brain is affected, there may also be problems with memory and other thought processes.

In general, symptoms vary and may include:

  • Movement changes, such as involuntary or slowed movements
  • Increased muscle tone
  • Muscle spasms and muscle rigidity
  • Problems finding words
  • Tremor
  • Uncontrollable, repeated movements, speech, or cries (tics)
  • Walking difficulty

Exams and Tests

The health care provider will perform a physical exam and ask about the symptoms and medical history.

Blood and imaging tests may be needed. These may include:

  • CT and MRI of the head
  • Genetic testing
  • Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) to look at the blood vessels in the neck and brain
  • Positron emission tomography (PET) to look at the metabolism of the brain
  • Blood tests to check blood sugar, thyroid function, liver function, and iron and copper levels

Treatment

Treatment depends on the cause of the disorder.

Outlook (Prognosis)

How well a person does depends on the cause of the dysfunction. Some causes are reversible, while others require lifelong treatment.

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Call your provider if you have any:

  • Abnormal or involuntary movements
  • Falls without known reason
  • If you or others notice that you are shaky or slow
Review Date: 5/2/2022

Reviewed By

Amit M. Shelat, DO, FACP, FAAN, Attending Neurologist and Assistant Professor of Clinical Neurology, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

References

Jankovic J. Parkinson disease and other movement disorders. In: Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL, Newman NJ, eds. Bradley and Daroff’s Neurology in Clinical Practice. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 96.

Okun MS, Lang AE. Other movement disorders. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 382.

Vestal E, Rusher A, Ikeda K, Melnick M. Disorders of the basal nuclei. In: Lazaro RT, Reina-Guerra SG, Quiben MU, eds. Umphred's Neurological Rehabilitation. 7th ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2020:chap 18.

Disclaimer

The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. No warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, timeliness, or correctness of any translations made by a third-party service of the information provided herein into any other language. © 1997- A.D.A.M., a business unit of Ebix, Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.

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Athetosis resulting from basal ganglia injury - Animation

Athetosis is a condition marked by constant writhing movements. It's often caused by injury to basal ganglia. These are structures found deep within the brain near its base. They help coordinate muscle movement. The basal ganglia are highlighted here.

 

Athetosis resulting from basal ganglia injury - Animation

Athetosis is a condition marked by constant writhing movements. It's often caused by injury to basal ganglia. These are structures found deep within the brain near its base. They help coordinate muscle movement. The basal ganglia are highlighted here.

 
 
 
 

 

 
 

 
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