BACK TOTOP Browse A-ZSearchBrowse A-ZABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0-9 E-mail FormEmail ResultsName:Email address:Recipients Name:Recipients address:Message: Print-FriendlyBookmarksbookmarks-menuOvarian cancerCancer - ovariesOvarian cancer is cancer that starts in the ovaries. The ovaries are the female reproductive organs that produce eggs. Causes Ovarian cancer is the fifth most common cancer among women. It causes more deaths than any other type of female reproductive organ cancer.The cause of ovarian cancer is unknown.Risks of developing ovarian cancer include any of the following: The fewer children a woman has and the later in life she gives birth, the higher her risk for ovarian cancer. Women who have had breast cancer or have a family history of breast or ovarian cancer have an increased risk for ovarian cancer (due to defects in genes such as BRCA1 or BRCA2). Women who take estrogen replacement only (not with progesterone) for 5 years or more may have a higher risk for ovarian cancer. Birth control pills, though, decrease the risk for ovarian cancer. Fertility medicine probably does not increase the risk for ovarian cancer. Older women are at highest risk of developing ovarian cancer. Most deaths from ovarian cancer occur in women age 55 and older. Symptoms Ovarian cancer symptoms are often vague. Women and their doctors often blame the symptoms on other, more common conditions. By the time the cancer is diagnosed, the tumor has often spread beyond the ovaries.See your doctor if you have the following symptoms on a daily basis for more than a few weeks:Bloating or swelling in the belly area BloatingAbdominal bloating is a condition in which the belly (abdomen) feels full and tight. Your belly may look swollen (distended).Read Article Now Book Mark Article Difficulty eating or feeling full quickly (early satiety) Feeling full quicklySatiety is the satisfied feeling of being full after eating. Early satiety is feeling full sooner than normal or after eating less than usual....ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Pelvic or lower abdominal pain (area may feel "heavy") Back pain Swollen lymph nodes in groin Other symptoms that can occur:Excessive hair growth that is coarse and dark Excessive hair growthMost of the time, women have fine hair above their lips and on their chin, chest, abdomen, or back. The growth of coarse dark hair in these areas (m...Read Article Now Book Mark Article Sudden urge to urinate Needing to urinate more often than usual (increased urinary frequency or urgency) Increased urinary frequency or urgencyFrequent urination means needing to urinate more often than usual. Urgent urination is a sudden, strong need to urinate. This causes a discomfort i...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Constipation Exams and Tests A physical exam may often be normal. With advanced ovarian cancer, the doctor may find a swollen abdomen often due to accumulation of fluid (ascites). AscitesAscites is the build-up of fluid in the space between the lining of the abdomen and abdominal organs.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article A pelvic examination may reveal an ovarian or abdominal mass.Abdominal massAn abdominal mass is swelling in one part of the belly area (abdomen).ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article A CA-125 blood test is not considered a good screening test for ovarian cancer. But, it may be done if a woman has:CA-125 blood testThe CA-125 blood test measures the level of the protein CA-125 in the blood.Read Article Now Book Mark Article Symptoms of ovarian cancer Already been diagnosed with ovarian cancer to determine how well treatment is working Other tests that may be done include:Complete blood count and blood chemistry Complete blood countA complete blood count (CBC) test measures the following:The number of white blood cells (WBC count)The number of red blood cells (RBC count)The numb...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Pregnancy test (serum HCG) Pregnancy test (serum HCG)A quantitative human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG or hCG) blood test measures the specific level of HCG in the blood. HCG is a hormone produced in th...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article CT or MRI of the pelvis or abdomen CTA computed tomography (CT) scan of the pelvis is an imaging method that uses x-rays to create cross-sectional pictures of the area between the hip bo...Read Article Now Book Mark Article MRIA pelvis MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan is an imaging test that uses a machine with powerful magnets and radio waves to create pictures of the...Read Article Now Book Mark Article Ultrasound of the pelvis UltrasoundTransvaginal ultrasound is a test used to look at a woman's uterus, ovaries, tubes, cervix and pelvic area. Transvaginal means across or through the ...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Surgery, such as laparoscopy or exploratory laparotomy, is often done to find the cause of symptoms. A biopsy will be done to help make the diagnosis.LaparoscopyPelvic laparoscopy is surgery to examine pelvic organs. It uses a viewing tool called a laparoscope. The surgery is also used to treat certain dise...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Laparotomy Abdominal exploration is surgery to look at the organs and structures in your belly area (abdomen). This includes your:AppendixBladderGallbladderIn...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article BiopsyA biopsy is the removal of a small piece of tissue for laboratory examination.Read Article Now Book Mark Article No lab or imaging test has ever been shown to be able to successfully screen for or diagnose ovarian cancer in its early stages, so no standard screening tests are recommended at this time. Treatment Surgery is used to treat all stages of ovarian cancer. For early stages, surgery may be the only treatment needed. Surgery may involve removing both ovaries and fallopian tubes, the uterus, or other structures in the belly or pelvis.The goals of surgery for ovarian cancer are:Sample normal appearing areas to see if the cancer has spread (staging) Remove any areas of tumor spread (debulking)Chemotherapy is used after surgery to treat any cancer that remains. Chemotherapy can also be used if the cancer comes back (relapses). Chemotherapy is typically given intravenously (through an IV). It can also be injected directly into the abdominal cavity (intraperitoneal, or IP).ChemotherapyThe term chemotherapy is used to describe cancer-killing drugs. Chemotherapy may be used to:Cure the cancerShrink the cancerPrevent the cancer from ...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Radiation therapy is rarely used to treat ovarian cancer.Radiation therapyRadiation therapy uses high-powered radiation (such as x-rays or gamma rays), particles, or radioactive seeds to kill cancer cells.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article After surgery and chemotherapy, follow instructions about how often you should see your doctor and the tests you should have. Support Groups You can ease the stress of illness by joining a cancer support group. Sharing with others who have common experiences and problems can help you not feel alone.Cancer support groupThe following organizations are good resources for information on cancer:American Cancer Society -- www. cancer. orgAmerican Childhood Cancer Organiz...Read Article Now Book Mark Article Outlook (Prognosis) Ovarian cancer is rarely diagnosed in its early stages. It is usually quite advanced by the time diagnosis is made:Nearly one half of women live longer than 5 years after diagnosis If diagnosis is made early in the disease and treatment is received before the cancer spreads outside the ovary, the 5-year survival rate is high When to Contact a Medical Professional Contact your health care provider if you are a woman 40 years or older who has not recently had a pelvic exam. Routine pelvic exams are recommended for all women 20 years or older.Request an appointment with your provider if you have symptoms of ovarian cancer. Prevention There are no standard recommendations for screening women without symptoms (asymptomatic) for ovarian cancer. Pelvic ultrasound or a blood test, such as CA-125, have not been found to be effective and are not recommended.Genetic testing for the BRCA1 or BRCA2, or other cancer-related genes, may be recommended for women at high risk for ovarian cancer. These are women who have a personal or family history of breast or ovarian cancer.Genetic testing for the BRCA1 or BRCA2The BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene test is a blood test that can tell you if you have a higher risk of getting cancer. The name BRCA comes from the first two ...Read Article Now Book Mark Article Removing the ovaries and fallopian tubes and possibly the uterus in women who have a proven mutation in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene may reduce the risk of developing ovarian cancer. But, ovarian cancer may still develop in other areas of the pelvis.Open ReferencesReferencesColeman RL, Liu J, Matsuo K, Thaker PH, Westin SN, Sood AK. Carcinoma of the ovaries and fallopian tubes. In: Niederhuber JE, Armitage JO, Kastan MB, Doroshow JH, Tepper JE, eds. Abeloff's Clinical Oncology. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 86.Coleman RL, Westin SN, Ramirez PT, Salvo G, Gershenson DM. Malignant diseases of the ovary, fallopian tube, and peritoneum. In: Lobo RA, Gershenson DM, Lentz GM, Valea FA, eds. Comprehensive Gynecology. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 33.National Cancer Institute website. BRCA gene mutations: cancer risk and genetic testing. www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/genetics/brca-fact-sheet. Updated November 19, 2020. Accessed December 15, 2022.AllVideoImagesTogFemale reproductive anatomy - illustration Internal structures of the female reproductive anatomy include the uterus, ovaries, and cervix. External structures include the labium minora and majora, the vagina and the clitoris.Female reproductive anatomyillustrationAscites with ovarian cancer - CT scan - illustration This CT scan of the lower abdomen shows a massive amount of free abdominal fluid (ascites) in a patient with ovarian cancer.Ascites with ovarian cancer - CT scanillustrationPeritoneal and ovarian cancer, CT scan - illustration A CT scan series of the lower abdomen showing ovarian cancer that has metastasized (spread) to the peritoneum.Peritoneal and ovarian cancer, CT scanillustrationOvarian cancer dangers - illustration Ovarian cancer is particularly dangerous because its presence is difficult to detect until it has spread beyond the ovaries.Ovarian cancer dangersillustrationOvarian growth worries - illustration Prior to menopause, a mass on the ovary that is smaller than 2 centimeters is probably a follicle cyst that will go away on its own. However, if the growth is larger and doesn't go away over the course of a few menstrual cycles, then it may need to be removed.Ovarian growth worriesillustrationUterus - illustration The uterus is a hollow muscular organ located in the female pelvis between the bladder and rectum. The ovaries produce the eggs that travel through the fallopian tubes. Once the egg has left the ovary it can be fertilized and implant itself in the lining of the uterus. The main function of the uterus is to nourish the developing fetus prior to birth. UterusillustrationOvarian cancer - illustration Cancer of the ovaries is considered very dangerous because the ovaries are in close proximity to many other abdominal organs and the risk of metastasis is high.Ovarian cancerillustrationOvarian cancer metastasis - illustration A malignant neoplasm (abnormal growth) located on the ovaries.Ovarian cancer metastasisillustrationFemale reproductive anatomy - illustration Internal structures of the female reproductive anatomy include the uterus, ovaries, and cervix. External structures include the labium minora and majora, the vagina and the clitoris.Female reproductive anatomyillustrationAscites with ovarian cancer - CT scan - illustration This CT scan of the lower abdomen shows a massive amount of free abdominal fluid (ascites) in a patient with ovarian cancer.Ascites with ovarian cancer - CT scanillustrationPeritoneal and ovarian cancer, CT scan - illustration A CT scan series of the lower abdomen showing ovarian cancer that has metastasized (spread) to the peritoneum.Peritoneal and ovarian cancer, CT scanillustrationOvarian cancer dangers - illustration Ovarian cancer is particularly dangerous because its presence is difficult to detect until it has spread beyond the ovaries.Ovarian cancer dangersillustrationOvarian growth worries - illustration Prior to menopause, a mass on the ovary that is smaller than 2 centimeters is probably a follicle cyst that will go away on its own. However, if the growth is larger and doesn't go away over the course of a few menstrual cycles, then it may need to be removed.Ovarian growth worriesillustrationUterus - illustration The uterus is a hollow muscular organ located in the female pelvis between the bladder and rectum. The ovaries produce the eggs that travel through the fallopian tubes. Once the egg has left the ovary it can be fertilized and implant itself in the lining of the uterus. The main function of the uterus is to nourish the developing fetus prior to birth. UterusillustrationOvarian cancer - illustration Cancer of the ovaries is considered very dangerous because the ovaries are in close proximity to many other abdominal organs and the risk of metastasis is high.Ovarian cancerillustrationOvarian cancer metastasis - illustration A malignant neoplasm (abnormal growth) located on the ovaries.Ovarian cancer metastasisillustrationA Closer Look Ovarian cancer - InDepth(In-Depth) Tests for Ovarian cancer CA-125 blood testRelated Information Tumor(Condition)Cancer(Condition)Chemotherapy - what to ask your doctor(Doctor Questions)Abdominal radiation - discharge(Discharge)Pelvic radiation - discharge(Discharge)Ovarian cancer - InDepth(In-Depth) Review Date: 10/10/2022 Reviewed By: Howard Goodman, MD, Gynecologic Oncology, Florida Cancer Specialists & Research Institute, West Palm Beach, FL. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. No warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, timeliness, or correctness of any translations made by a third-party service of the information provided herein into any other language. © 1997- A.D.A.M., a business unit of Ebix, Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited. © 1997- All rights reserved. A.D.A.M. content is best viewed in IE9 or above, Firefox and Google Chrome browser.Content is best viewed in IE9 or above, Firefox and Google Chrome browser.
Ovarian cancerCancer - ovariesOvarian cancer is cancer that starts in the ovaries. The ovaries are the female reproductive organs that produce eggs. Causes Ovarian cancer is the fifth most common cancer among women. It causes more deaths than any other type of female reproductive organ cancer.The cause of ovarian cancer is unknown.Risks of developing ovarian cancer include any of the following: The fewer children a woman has and the later in life she gives birth, the higher her risk for ovarian cancer. Women who have had breast cancer or have a family history of breast or ovarian cancer have an increased risk for ovarian cancer (due to defects in genes such as BRCA1 or BRCA2). Women who take estrogen replacement only (not with progesterone) for 5 years or more may have a higher risk for ovarian cancer. Birth control pills, though, decrease the risk for ovarian cancer. Fertility medicine probably does not increase the risk for ovarian cancer. Older women are at highest risk of developing ovarian cancer. Most deaths from ovarian cancer occur in women age 55 and older. Symptoms Ovarian cancer symptoms are often vague. Women and their doctors often blame the symptoms on other, more common conditions. By the time the cancer is diagnosed, the tumor has often spread beyond the ovaries.See your doctor if you have the following symptoms on a daily basis for more than a few weeks:Bloating or swelling in the belly area BloatingAbdominal bloating is a condition in which the belly (abdomen) feels full and tight. Your belly may look swollen (distended).Read Article Now Book Mark Article Difficulty eating or feeling full quickly (early satiety) Feeling full quicklySatiety is the satisfied feeling of being full after eating. Early satiety is feeling full sooner than normal or after eating less than usual....ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Pelvic or lower abdominal pain (area may feel "heavy") Back pain Swollen lymph nodes in groin Other symptoms that can occur:Excessive hair growth that is coarse and dark Excessive hair growthMost of the time, women have fine hair above their lips and on their chin, chest, abdomen, or back. The growth of coarse dark hair in these areas (m...Read Article Now Book Mark Article Sudden urge to urinate Needing to urinate more often than usual (increased urinary frequency or urgency) Increased urinary frequency or urgencyFrequent urination means needing to urinate more often than usual. Urgent urination is a sudden, strong need to urinate. This causes a discomfort i...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Constipation Exams and Tests A physical exam may often be normal. With advanced ovarian cancer, the doctor may find a swollen abdomen often due to accumulation of fluid (ascites). AscitesAscites is the build-up of fluid in the space between the lining of the abdomen and abdominal organs.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article A pelvic examination may reveal an ovarian or abdominal mass.Abdominal massAn abdominal mass is swelling in one part of the belly area (abdomen).ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article A CA-125 blood test is not considered a good screening test for ovarian cancer. But, it may be done if a woman has:CA-125 blood testThe CA-125 blood test measures the level of the protein CA-125 in the blood.Read Article Now Book Mark Article Symptoms of ovarian cancer Already been diagnosed with ovarian cancer to determine how well treatment is working Other tests that may be done include:Complete blood count and blood chemistry Complete blood countA complete blood count (CBC) test measures the following:The number of white blood cells (WBC count)The number of red blood cells (RBC count)The numb...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Pregnancy test (serum HCG) Pregnancy test (serum HCG)A quantitative human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG or hCG) blood test measures the specific level of HCG in the blood. HCG is a hormone produced in th...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article CT or MRI of the pelvis or abdomen CTA computed tomography (CT) scan of the pelvis is an imaging method that uses x-rays to create cross-sectional pictures of the area between the hip bo...Read Article Now Book Mark Article MRIA pelvis MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan is an imaging test that uses a machine with powerful magnets and radio waves to create pictures of the...Read Article Now Book Mark Article Ultrasound of the pelvis UltrasoundTransvaginal ultrasound is a test used to look at a woman's uterus, ovaries, tubes, cervix and pelvic area. Transvaginal means across or through the ...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Surgery, such as laparoscopy or exploratory laparotomy, is often done to find the cause of symptoms. A biopsy will be done to help make the diagnosis.LaparoscopyPelvic laparoscopy is surgery to examine pelvic organs. It uses a viewing tool called a laparoscope. The surgery is also used to treat certain dise...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Laparotomy Abdominal exploration is surgery to look at the organs and structures in your belly area (abdomen). This includes your:AppendixBladderGallbladderIn...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article BiopsyA biopsy is the removal of a small piece of tissue for laboratory examination.Read Article Now Book Mark Article No lab or imaging test has ever been shown to be able to successfully screen for or diagnose ovarian cancer in its early stages, so no standard screening tests are recommended at this time. Treatment Surgery is used to treat all stages of ovarian cancer. For early stages, surgery may be the only treatment needed. Surgery may involve removing both ovaries and fallopian tubes, the uterus, or other structures in the belly or pelvis.The goals of surgery for ovarian cancer are:Sample normal appearing areas to see if the cancer has spread (staging) Remove any areas of tumor spread (debulking)Chemotherapy is used after surgery to treat any cancer that remains. Chemotherapy can also be used if the cancer comes back (relapses). Chemotherapy is typically given intravenously (through an IV). It can also be injected directly into the abdominal cavity (intraperitoneal, or IP).ChemotherapyThe term chemotherapy is used to describe cancer-killing drugs. Chemotherapy may be used to:Cure the cancerShrink the cancerPrevent the cancer from ...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Radiation therapy is rarely used to treat ovarian cancer.Radiation therapyRadiation therapy uses high-powered radiation (such as x-rays or gamma rays), particles, or radioactive seeds to kill cancer cells.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article After surgery and chemotherapy, follow instructions about how often you should see your doctor and the tests you should have. Support Groups You can ease the stress of illness by joining a cancer support group. Sharing with others who have common experiences and problems can help you not feel alone.Cancer support groupThe following organizations are good resources for information on cancer:American Cancer Society -- www. cancer. orgAmerican Childhood Cancer Organiz...Read Article Now Book Mark Article Outlook (Prognosis) Ovarian cancer is rarely diagnosed in its early stages. It is usually quite advanced by the time diagnosis is made:Nearly one half of women live longer than 5 years after diagnosis If diagnosis is made early in the disease and treatment is received before the cancer spreads outside the ovary, the 5-year survival rate is high When to Contact a Medical Professional Contact your health care provider if you are a woman 40 years or older who has not recently had a pelvic exam. Routine pelvic exams are recommended for all women 20 years or older.Request an appointment with your provider if you have symptoms of ovarian cancer. Prevention There are no standard recommendations for screening women without symptoms (asymptomatic) for ovarian cancer. Pelvic ultrasound or a blood test, such as CA-125, have not been found to be effective and are not recommended.Genetic testing for the BRCA1 or BRCA2, or other cancer-related genes, may be recommended for women at high risk for ovarian cancer. These are women who have a personal or family history of breast or ovarian cancer.Genetic testing for the BRCA1 or BRCA2The BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene test is a blood test that can tell you if you have a higher risk of getting cancer. The name BRCA comes from the first two ...Read Article Now Book Mark Article Removing the ovaries and fallopian tubes and possibly the uterus in women who have a proven mutation in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene may reduce the risk of developing ovarian cancer. But, ovarian cancer may still develop in other areas of the pelvis.Open ReferencesReferencesColeman RL, Liu J, Matsuo K, Thaker PH, Westin SN, Sood AK. Carcinoma of the ovaries and fallopian tubes. In: Niederhuber JE, Armitage JO, Kastan MB, Doroshow JH, Tepper JE, eds. Abeloff's Clinical Oncology. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 86.Coleman RL, Westin SN, Ramirez PT, Salvo G, Gershenson DM. Malignant diseases of the ovary, fallopian tube, and peritoneum. In: Lobo RA, Gershenson DM, Lentz GM, Valea FA, eds. Comprehensive Gynecology. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 33.National Cancer Institute website. BRCA gene mutations: cancer risk and genetic testing. www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/genetics/brca-fact-sheet. Updated November 19, 2020. Accessed December 15, 2022.