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Biopsy
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Tissue sampling
A biopsy is the removal of a small piece of tissue for laboratory examination.
![Biopsy catheter - Illustration Thumbnail](http://ssl.adam.com/graphics/images/en/8904.jpg)
Biopsy catheter
When a small piece of heart muscle tissue is needed for examination, a heart biopsy can be performed. A catheter is carefully threaded into an artery or vein to gain access into the heart. A bioptome (catheter with jaws in its tip) is then introduced. Once the bioptome is in place, three to five small pieces of tissue from the heart muscle are removed. The test is performed routinely after heart transplantation to detect potential rejection. It may also be performed when cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, cardiac amyloidosis, or other disorders are suspected.
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![Open biopsy of the breast - Illustration Thumbnail](http://ssl.adam.com/graphics/images/en/17017.jpg)
Open biopsy of the breast
An open biopsy can be performed under local or general anesthesia and will leave a small scar. Prior to surgery, a radiologist often first marks the lump with a wire, making it easier for the surgeon to find.
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![Needle biopsy of the breast - Illustration Thumbnail](http://ssl.adam.com/graphics/images/en/17016.jpg)
Needle biopsy of the breast
A needle biopsy is performed under local anesthesia. Simple aspirations are performed with a small gauge needle to attempt to draw fluid from lumps that are thought to be cysts. Fine needle biopsy uses a larger needle to make multiple passes through a lump, drawing out tissue and fluid. Withdrawn fluid and tissue is further evaluated to determine if there are cancerous cells present.
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![Core needle biopsy of the breast - Illustration Thumbnail](http://ssl.adam.com/graphics/images/en/24359.jpg)
Core needle biopsy of the breast
A core needle biopsy of the breast is a procedure to remove samples of tissue from a lump or suspicious area of the breast and evaluate it for breast cancer. Core needle biopsy uses a long, hollow needle to take several core samples of tissue, usually using ultrasound or mammographic guidance. The samples are then sent to a lab for analysis.
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![Sentinel node biopsy - Illustration Thumbnail](http://ssl.adam.com/graphics/images/en/19305.jpg)
Sentinel node biopsy
Sentinel node biopsy is a technique which helps determine if a cancer has spread (metastasized), or is contained locally. When a cancer has been detected, often the next step is to find the lymph node closest to the tumor site and retrieve it for analysis. The concept of the "sentinel" node, or the first node to drain the area of the cancer, allows a more accurate staging of the cancer, and leaves unaffected nodes behind to continue the important job of draining fluids. The procedure involves the injection of a dye (sometimes mildly radioactive) to pinpoint the lymph node which is closest to the cancer site. Sentinel node biopsy is used to stage many kinds of cancer, including lung and skin (melanoma).
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![Mucosal biopsy - Illustration Thumbnail](http://ssl.adam.com/graphics/images/en/9894.jpg)
Mucosal biopsy
Mucosal skin biopsy is the removal of a small piece of skin or mucous membrane. The sample can be retrieved in several ways: a shave biopsy (scraping or shaving a thin layer), a punch biopsy (using a needle or punch to obtain a small, but deeper, sample), or an excision of tissue (cutting to remove a piece of tissue). The sample is sent to the laboratory to isolate and identify organisms that cause infection.
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![Renal biopsy - Illustration Thumbnail](http://ssl.adam.com/graphics/images/en/8902.jpg)
Renal biopsy
In renal biopsy, a small sample of kidney tissue is removed with a needle. The test is sometimes used to evaluate a transplanted kidney. It is also used to evaluate an unexplained decrease in kidney function, persistent blood in the urine, or protein in the urine.
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![Muscle biopsy - Illustration Thumbnail](http://ssl.adam.com/graphics/images/en/8868.jpg)
Muscle biopsy
A muscle biopsy involves removal of a plug of tissue usually by a needle to be later used for examination. Sometimes more than one needle insertion may be needed to obtain a large enough specimen. If there is a patchy condition expected an open biopsy may be used. Open biopsy involves a small incision through the skin and into the muscle, so that a sample of muscle tissue can be removed from the affected area. There may be some slight bruising or bleeding at the site but the risks are minimal with the procedure.
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![Bone biopsy - Illustration Thumbnail](http://ssl.adam.com/graphics/images/en/9754.jpg)
Bone biopsy
A bone biopsy is performed by making a small incision into the skin. A biopsy needle retrieves a sample of bone and it is sent for examination. The most common reasons for bone lesion biopsy are to distinguish between benign and malignant bone tumors, and to identify other bone abnormalities. Bone biopsy may also be performed to determine the cause of bone pain and tenderness.
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![Testicular biopsy - Illustration Thumbnail](http://ssl.adam.com/graphics/images/en/8960.jpg)
Testicular biopsy
Testicular biopsy is a procedure in which a small portion of testicle is removed for examination. The biopsy is performed by creating a small incision in the skin of the scrotum. A small piece of the testicle tissue is removed through the incision by snipping the sample off with small scissors. The test is usually performed when a semen analysis suggests that there is abnormal sperm, and other tests have not determined the cause. It may also be performed when testicular self-examination has revealed a lump.
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Review Date:
8/22/2022+
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