BACK TOTOP Browse A-ZSearchBrowse A-ZABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0-9 E-mail FormEmail ResultsName:Email address:Recipients Name:Recipients address:Message: Print-FriendlyBookmarksbookmarks-menuLeprosyHansen diseaseLeprosy is a disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae. This disease causes skin sores, nerve damage, and muscle weakness that gets worse over time. Causes Although leprosy is due to an infection, it does not spread easily. It also takes a long time before symptoms appear, which makes it hard to know where or when someone caught the disease. Children are more likely than adults to get the disease.Most people who come in contact with the bacteria don't develop the disease. This is because their immune system is able to fight off the bacteria. Experts believe that the bacteria spread when a person breathes in tiny airborne droplets released when someone with leprosy coughs or sneezes. The bacteria may also be passed through contact with the nasal fluids of a person with leprosy. Leprosy has two common forms: tuberculoid and lepromatous. Both forms produce sores on the skin. However, the lepromatous form is more severe. It causes large lumps and bumps (nodules).NodulesSkin nodules are solid or cystic raised bumps in the skin that are wider than 1 centimeter (cm), but less than 2 cm.Read Article Now Book Mark Article Leprosy is common in many countries worldwide including India, Brazil and Indonesia. It is also found in temperate, tropical, and subtropical climates. About 170 to 200 cases per year are diagnosed in the United States. Most new cases in the United States were in:Florida California Hawaii New York Oregon TexasDrug-resistant Mycobacterium leprae and an increased numbers of cases worldwide have led to global concern for this disease. Symptoms Symptoms include:Skin lesions that are lighter than your normal skin color Skin lesionsRashes involve changes in the color, feeling or texture of your skin.Read Article Now Book Mark Article Lesions that have decreased sensation to touch, heat, or pain Lesions that do not heal after several weeks to months Muscle weakness Muscle weaknessWeakness is reduced strength in one or more muscles.Read Article Now Book Mark Article Numbness or lack of feeling in the hands, arms, feet, and legsNumbnessNumbness and tingling are abnormal sensations that can occur anywhere in your body, but they are often felt in your fingers, hands, feet, arms, or le...Read Article Now Book Mark Article Exams and Tests Tests that are done include:Skin lesion biopsy Skin lesion biopsyA skin lesion biopsy is when a small amount of skin is removed so it can be examined under a microscope. The skin is tested to look for skin conditi...Read Article Now Book Mark Article Skin scraping examinationThe lepromin skin test can be used to tell the two different forms of leprosy apart. This test is not used to diagnose the disease.Lepromin skin testThe lepromin skin test is used to determine what type of leprosy a person has.Read Article Now Book Mark Article Treatment Several antibiotics are used to kill the bacteria that cause the disease. These include:Dapsone Rifampin Clofazimine Fluoroquinolones Macrolides MinocyclineMore than one antibiotic is often given together, and usually for months.Aspirin, prednisone, or thalidomide may be used to control inflammation. Outlook (Prognosis) Diagnosing the disease early is important. Early treatment helps:Limit the damage Prevent a person from spreading the disease Reduce long-term complications Possible Complications Health problems that may result from leprosy include:Disfigurement Muscle weakness Permanent nerve damage in the arms and legs Loss of sensationLoss of sensationNumbness and tingling are abnormal sensations that can occur anywhere in your body, but they are often felt in your fingers, hands, feet, arms, or le...Read Article Now Book Mark Article People with long-term leprosy may lose the use of their hands or feet. This is due to repeated injury because they lack feeling in those areas. When to Contact a Medical Professional Contact your health care provider if you have symptoms of leprosy, especially if you have had contact with someone who has the disease. Cases of leprosy in the United States must be reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention People on long-term medicine become noninfectious. This means they do not transmit the organism that causes the disease.Open ReferencesReferencesCenters for Disease Control and Prevention website. Hansen's disease (leprosy). About Hansen's disease. www.cdc.gov/leprosy/about/index.html. Updated April 11, 2024. Accessed June 19, 2024.Dogra S. Leprosy (Hansen disease). In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 301.Dupnik K. Leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae). In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 250.AllVideoImagesTogRelated Information Peripheral(Special Topic)Skin nodules(Symptoms)Numbness and tingling(Symptoms)Weakness(Symptoms) Review Date: 8/26/2023 Reviewed By: Jatin M. Vyas, MD, PhD, Associate Professor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Associate in Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. No warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, is made as to the accuracy, reliability, timeliness, or correctness of any translations made by a third-party service of the information provided herein into any other language. © 1997- A.D.A.M., a business unit of Ebix, Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited. © 1997- All rights reserved. A.D.A.M. content is best viewed in IE9 or above, Firefox and Google Chrome browser.Content is best viewed in IE9 or above, Firefox and Google Chrome browser.
LeprosyHansen diseaseLeprosy is a disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae. This disease causes skin sores, nerve damage, and muscle weakness that gets worse over time. Causes Although leprosy is due to an infection, it does not spread easily. It also takes a long time before symptoms appear, which makes it hard to know where or when someone caught the disease. Children are more likely than adults to get the disease.Most people who come in contact with the bacteria don't develop the disease. This is because their immune system is able to fight off the bacteria. Experts believe that the bacteria spread when a person breathes in tiny airborne droplets released when someone with leprosy coughs or sneezes. The bacteria may also be passed through contact with the nasal fluids of a person with leprosy. Leprosy has two common forms: tuberculoid and lepromatous. Both forms produce sores on the skin. However, the lepromatous form is more severe. It causes large lumps and bumps (nodules).NodulesSkin nodules are solid or cystic raised bumps in the skin that are wider than 1 centimeter (cm), but less than 2 cm.Read Article Now Book Mark Article Leprosy is common in many countries worldwide including India, Brazil and Indonesia. It is also found in temperate, tropical, and subtropical climates. About 170 to 200 cases per year are diagnosed in the United States. Most new cases in the United States were in:Florida California Hawaii New York Oregon TexasDrug-resistant Mycobacterium leprae and an increased numbers of cases worldwide have led to global concern for this disease. Symptoms Symptoms include:Skin lesions that are lighter than your normal skin color Skin lesionsRashes involve changes in the color, feeling or texture of your skin.Read Article Now Book Mark Article Lesions that have decreased sensation to touch, heat, or pain Lesions that do not heal after several weeks to months Muscle weakness Muscle weaknessWeakness is reduced strength in one or more muscles.Read Article Now Book Mark Article Numbness or lack of feeling in the hands, arms, feet, and legsNumbnessNumbness and tingling are abnormal sensations that can occur anywhere in your body, but they are often felt in your fingers, hands, feet, arms, or le...Read Article Now Book Mark Article Exams and Tests Tests that are done include:Skin lesion biopsy Skin lesion biopsyA skin lesion biopsy is when a small amount of skin is removed so it can be examined under a microscope. The skin is tested to look for skin conditi...Read Article Now Book Mark Article Skin scraping examinationThe lepromin skin test can be used to tell the two different forms of leprosy apart. This test is not used to diagnose the disease.Lepromin skin testThe lepromin skin test is used to determine what type of leprosy a person has.Read Article Now Book Mark Article Treatment Several antibiotics are used to kill the bacteria that cause the disease. These include:Dapsone Rifampin Clofazimine Fluoroquinolones Macrolides MinocyclineMore than one antibiotic is often given together, and usually for months.Aspirin, prednisone, or thalidomide may be used to control inflammation. Outlook (Prognosis) Diagnosing the disease early is important. Early treatment helps:Limit the damage Prevent a person from spreading the disease Reduce long-term complications Possible Complications Health problems that may result from leprosy include:Disfigurement Muscle weakness Permanent nerve damage in the arms and legs Loss of sensationLoss of sensationNumbness and tingling are abnormal sensations that can occur anywhere in your body, but they are often felt in your fingers, hands, feet, arms, or le...Read Article Now Book Mark Article People with long-term leprosy may lose the use of their hands or feet. This is due to repeated injury because they lack feeling in those areas. When to Contact a Medical Professional Contact your health care provider if you have symptoms of leprosy, especially if you have had contact with someone who has the disease. Cases of leprosy in the United States must be reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention People on long-term medicine become noninfectious. This means they do not transmit the organism that causes the disease.Open ReferencesReferencesCenters for Disease Control and Prevention website. Hansen's disease (leprosy). About Hansen's disease. www.cdc.gov/leprosy/about/index.html. Updated April 11, 2024. Accessed June 19, 2024.Dogra S. Leprosy (Hansen disease). In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 301.Dupnik K. Leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae). In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 250.